Effects of Electrolyte Additives and Nanowire Diameter on the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes based on Interconnected Nickel–Tin Nanowire Networks

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the predominant energy storage systems for portable electronic devices, power tools, electric vehicles, and microscale autonomous devices because of their high energy and power densities. [1][2][3][4] With the widening range of applications for LIB, it is necessary that advances be made in the technology to meet the increasingly demanding requirements for energy density, power density, and safety. Graphite, the anode material in most commercial LIB, is the limiting electrode to attain higher volumetric energy density because of its low gravimetric capacity and density. [4,5] Therefore, there is significant scientific effort into replacing graphite with lithium (Li)-alloying anodes that possess higher gravimetric and volumetric capacities than graphite. [6][7][8][9] Tin (Sn) is a promising Li-alloying material as the anode in LIB because of its higher volumetric and gravimetric capacities. [5,[10][11][12] Similar to other Li-alloying materials, the major hindrance to use Sn in LIB is the large volumetric change (%260%) [13] it undergoes during (de)lithiation. This volume change has two main effects on the electrochemical performance of Sn-based materials. First, the volume change causes electrode particle pulverization that leads to capacity fade, as the active material loses electronic contact with the current collector. Second, it causes the formation and destruction of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which grows as the electrode is cycled, increasing the cell impedance and causing subsequent fast capacity fade. [11,12] Several strategies have been proposed to mitigate the volume change of Sn electrodes during cycling. One promising strategy is to downsize the electrode particles to the nanoscale in the form of nanowires, [14][15][16][17] nanoparticles, [18] or nanoporous structures, [11] which help to accommodate stress on the particles during volume change. [10] Another strategy is to use Sn-based materials in the form of oxides, [15,17,19] phosphides, [20,21] sulfides, [22,23] or Sn-M alloys (M ¼ Cu, Fe, Ni, etc.). [24][25][26][27][28][29] In addition to buffering volume change, the introduction of M to form Sn-M alloys enhances the electronic conductivity and avoids Sn particles' aggregation during cycling, improving the rate performance (RP) and capacity retention of the electrode. [10,[24][25][26][27][28][29]

Polycrystalline bismuth nanowire networks for flexible longitudinal and transverse thermoelectrics

“…Polycarbonate (PC) templates with a thickness of 28 μm have been first prepared by a track-etching method, following a well-established modified protocol. 19,[31][32][33][34][35] Compared to the conventional track-etching technology, herewith the polymer films have been exposed to a sequential multi-step irradiation with heavy-ions under an angular range in respect to the normal of the PC surface prior to the chemical etching of the latent tracks in NaOH solution, hence allowing the formation of crossed cylindrical nanopores. 36 For present study, PC templates with different pore diameters (d ) were prepared, i.e., 23 nm, 28 nm, 45 nm, 105 nm and 230 nm.…”

Tunable Magnetic Properties of Interconnected Permalloy Nanowire Networks

“…The development of interconnected nanowire networks has garnered significant interest in the field of nanotechnology due to their potential applications in various areas. These applications include photonic devices [ 6 ], electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding [ 7 ], thermoelectric efficiency [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], logic devices [ 14 ], magnetic field sensors [ 15 , 16 ], integrated neuromorphic computing [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], battery electrodes [ 19 , 20 ], supercapacitors [ 21 ], hydrogen generation [ 22 ], and biomedical devices [ 23 ]. Among these interconnected networks of nanowires, those formed by magnetic nanowires stand out [ 15 , 17 ].…”

“…These advancements have paved the way for exciting possibilities in the field of nanotechnology. One approach used to achieve these nanowire networks involves the utilization of track-etched polycarbonate templates with intersecting nanochannels [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. These templates provide a versatile platform for fabricating interconnected networks of magnetic nanowires.…”