Effects of Eccentrically Biased versus Conventional Weight Training in Older Adults

Raj, Isaac Selva; Bird, Stephen; Westfold, B.; Shield, Anthony

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182442ecd

Cited by 63 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The above studies 68,[70][71][72][73]75) observed an increase in pennation angle without an increase in fascicle length. In other words, studies which showed a lack of both fascicle length and pennation angle increases despite significant muscle hypertrophy are limited 76,77) . The two studies examined the fascicle arrangement before and after intervention for elderly individuals, implying that adaptation of the fascicle arrangement may be unlikely to occur in elderly people.…”

Section: Evidence Against Fascicle Length Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Ema

Akagi

Wakahara

et al. 2016

JPFSM

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The present review summarizes current evidence and unresolved issues regarding training-induced changes in the architecture of human skeletal muscles. As architectural parameters, we focused on the fascicle length and pennation angle, which are related to force-generating capability of pennate muscles. Cross-sectional studies in sport athletes suggested changes in both the parameters following chronic sport-specific activities. Longitudinal training intervention experiments indicated direct evidence of the plasticity of the two parameters induced by resistance training, but no consensus has been reached regarding the factors influencing those changes. Considering the importance of fascicle arrangement on muscle function, future studies are required to explain the underpinning mechanisms of the adaptation.

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Section: Evidence Against Fascicle Length Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Ema

Akagi

Wakahara

et al. 2016

JPFSM

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“…Indivíduos idosos submetidos ao treinamento de força (TF) apresentam aumento significativo na força muscular [1][2][3][4] , potência muscular 5,6 , ativação muscular [7][8][9][10][11] e massa muscular 12,13 . A melhora na força muscular decorrente do treinamento de força nessa população aparenta ser semelhante [14][15][16] do que à observada em indivíduos jovens, o que lhe confere grande treinabilidade, apesar do prejuízo na função neuromuscular decorrente do envelhecimento 9 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Adaptações neuromusculares ao treinamento de força e concorrente em homens idosos.

Cadore

Pinto

Kruel

2012

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

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Resumo -O objetivo desse estudo foi revisar os resultados acerca das adaptações neuromusculares ao treinamento de força (TF) e concorrente (TC) em homens idosos. Foram consultadas as bases de dados da Pubmed, Scopus e Scielo de 1980 a 2012. A partir dessa busca, 3390 artigos tiveram seus títulos avaliados e 127 foram selecionados para uma segunda análise para leitura dos abstracts. Destes, 92 artigos foram lidos completamente e 25 artigos foram selecionados e tiveram seus resultados descritos. Diversos estudos demonstraram que idosos submetidos ao TF apresentam aumento na força, potência, ativação e massa muscular. A melhora na força decorrente do TF pode ser explicada através de adaptações neurais e morfológicas. As principais adaptações neurais ao TF consistem no aumento no recrutamento das unidades motoras (UMs), bem como no aumento na freqüência de disparo das UMs. Já as adaptações morfológicas incluem o aumento da área de secção transversa (AST) fisiológica muscular, bem como no aumento na espessura muscular, ângulo de penação das fibras e modificações nas isoformas de cadeia pesada de miosina e conversão de fibras do subtipo IIX para IIa. Recomenda-se a inclusão do TF de intensidade moderada a alta (65-85% da força máxima) na rotina dessa população para a melhora da função neuromuscular. Embora o TC promova adaptações neuromusculares significativas, a magnitude dessas adaptações pode ser inferior quando comparada ao TF. Apesar de o TC resultar em interferência nas adaptações neuromusculares, o TC também promove melhora na função cardiovascular, sendo essa intervenção mais recomendada para promoção da saúde em idosos. Palavras-chave: Adaptações neurais; Envelhecimento, Massa muscular; Treinamento físico. Abstract -This paper aimed to review the results of studies on neuromuscular adaptations to strength training (ST) and concurrent training (CT) in elderly men

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“…At 75 % 1RM, the eccentric phase was considerably under-loaded and thus, under-stimulated (1RM training loads are a limiting factor when used in eccentric exercise as they measure the load one can move concentrically only). Nevertheless, an earlier EBRE study supports these results [8]. Raj et al [8] randomized 13 community-dwelling subjects (68 ± 5 years) to EBRE two times per week for 16 weeks.…”

Section: Effects Of Eccentric Exercise On Muscular Strengthmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…While eccentric muscle action is a well-defined phenomenon in the literature [4], eccentric exercise modalities are varied and often ambiguously described. Current research on eccentric exercise in the older adult has described body weight [5,6], sub-maximal [7], maximal [8], and supra-maximal [9] concentric one-repetition maximum (1RM) loads with a wide range of eccentric phase tempos [7,10]. Some include [8] and others exclude [9] concentric muscle actions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current research on eccentric exercise in the older adult has described body weight [5,6], sub-maximal [7], maximal [8], and supra-maximal [9] concentric one-repetition maximum (1RM) loads with a wide range of eccentric phase tempos [7,10]. Some include [8] and others exclude [9] concentric muscle actions. Hence, for the purposes of this review, the term eccentric resistance exercise (ERE) will be used exclusively for studies that utilized a series of eccentric-only repetitions for the target muscle (deliberately excluding the concentric phase) in a structured resistance-training intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic Eccentric Exercise and the Older Adult

et al. 2015

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Eccentric exercise has gained increasing attention as a suitable and promising intervention to delay or mitigate the known physical and physiological declines associated with aging. Determining the relative efficacy of eccentric exercise when compared with the more conventionally prescribed traditional resistance exercise will support evidence-based prescribing for the aging population. Thus, original research studies incorporating chronic eccentric exercise interventions in the older adult population were included in this review. The effects of a range of eccentric exercise modalities on muscular strength, functional capacity, body composition, muscle architecture, markers of muscle damage, the immune system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and rating of perceived exertion were all reviewed as outcomes of particular interest in the older adult. Muscular strength was found to increase most consistently compared with results from traditional resistance exercise. Functional capacity and body composition showed significant improvements with eccentric endurance protocols, especially in older, frail or sedentary cohorts. Muscle damage was avoided with the gradual progression of novel eccentric exercise, while muscle damage from intense acute bouts was significantly attenuated with repeated sessions. Eccentric exercise causes little cardiovascular stress; thus, it may not generate the overload required to elicit cardiovascular adaptations. An anabolic state may be achievable following eccentric exercise, while improvements to insulin sensitivity have not been found. Finally, rating of perceived exertion during eccentric exercise was often significantly lower than during traditional resistance exercise. Overall, evidence supports the prescription of eccentric exercise for the majority of outcomes of interest in the diverse cohorts of the older adult population.

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Effects of Eccentrically Biased versus Conventional Weight Training in Older Adults

Abstract: EB seems superior to CONV at increasing torque at high contraction velocities, whereas CONV seems more effective at improving some functional performance measures and vertical jump. This has important implications for preserving functional capacity.

Cited by 63 publications

References 34 publications

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Adaptações neuromusculares ao treinamento de força e concorrente em homens idosos.

Chronic Eccentric Exercise and the Older Adult

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