Effects of Different Kinds of Salt in the Comutagenicity and Growth of Cancer Cells

Zhao, Xin; Kim, So-Hee; Qi, Yongcai; Kim, Soyoung; Park, Kun-Young

doi:10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.1.026

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Fleur de Sel, solar salt from Guerande, France, is abundant in minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. However, solar salt produced in Korea contains more minerals than European salt [6]. Solar salt possesses anti-cancer properties in sarcoma-180-transplanted mice, lower mutagenic effect in comparison with purified salt and anti-hypertensive effect in Dahl salt-sensitive rats [789].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Song

Park

et al. 2016

Nutr Res Pract

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice.SUBJECTS/METHODSDiet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of C/EBPα, PPARγ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors (PPARα and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).RESULTSSS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T (30.30 ± 0.59%), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81).CONCLUSIONSOur study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Song

Park

et al. 2016

Nutr Res Pract

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“…Compounds with antioxidant properties may also have anti-inflammatory effects and can actually prevent activation of inflammatory signals [38]. Solar salt appears to be more effective than the purified salt used in our previous studies [16,25,39]. Solar salt also contains higher concentrations of minerals such as Ca, K, and Mg than purified salt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solar salt also contains higher concentrations of minerals such as Ca, K, and Mg than purified salt. Due to significant differences in mineral contents, solar salt showed less co-mutagenicity and induced apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells, regulating expression of apoptosis-related genes, including Bcl-2 and Bax [39]. Bamboo salt is known to contain higher concentrations of minerals and other antioxidant compounds than both solar and purified salt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bamboo salt attenuates CCl₄-induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats

2013

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Bamboo salt, a Korean folk medicine, is prepared with solar salt (sea salt) and baked several times at high temperatures in a bamboo case. In this study, we compared the preventive effects of bamboo salt and purified and solar salts on hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with purified and solar salts, bamboo salts prevented hepatic damage in rats, as evidenced by significantly reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05). Bamboo salt (baked 9×) triggered the greatest reduction in these enzyme levels. In addition, it also reduced the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Histopathological sections of liver tissue demonstrated the protective effect of bamboo salt, whereas sections from animals treated with the other salt groups showed a greater degree of necrosis. We also performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses of the inflammation-related genes iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in rat liver tissues. Bamboo salt induced a significant decrease (~80%) in mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β, compared with the other salts. Thus, we found that baked bamboo salt preparations could prevent CCl4-induced hepatic damage in vivo.

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“…. GS had lower Cl − than CNS (4214 ppm and 5579 ppm, respectively), whereas SO 4 2− content was higher (1136 ppm and 430 ppm, respectively) ( Fig. 7B).…”

Section: Cns Intake Regulates Fatty Liver Fat Size and Expression Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6) to release Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , and SO 4 2− 30 , which in turn influence the body. Evaluation of the mineral ions revealed www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ that the Cl − content in CNS was 13 times higher than SO 4 2− (Fig. 4B).…”

Section: Cns Intake Regulates Fatty Liver Fat Size and Expression Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Park

Yang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Sodium is an essential component of the human body, with known influences on obesity. This paper reports the effect of cube natural sea salt (CNS) on the reduction of obesity in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by ameliorating the obesity parameters and obesityrelated gene mechanisms. The suppression of high fat diet-induced obesity and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by sea salt depends on the manufacturing process and mineral content. The manufacturing method using only new sea water (Cube natural sea salt) decreases the magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) content in the salt with different crystallization and morphologies, compared to the general manufacturing method (Generally manufactured sea salt, GS). Mg in salt is known to considerably affect obesity; an appropriate concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) reduces lipid accumulation significantly and regulates the lipogenesis and liver enzyme activity. Our results indicate that sea salt contains an appropriate level of Mg as compared to table salt (purified salt, NaCl), and is important for regulating obesity, as observed in the in vivo and in vitro anti-obesity effects of CNS. The Mg content and mineral ratio of sea salt are important factors that ameliorate the lipid metabolism and liver enzyme activity in high fat diet induced obesity, and contents of Mg in sea salt can be altered by modifying the manufacturing process.Salt is required to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating the membrane potential, fluid volume, acidbase balance, and nervous system. Globally, many countries predominantly eat purified (iodized), rock, and sea salt. Purified salt (99% sodium chloride, NaCl; generally called table salt) is made from sodium ion (Na + ) and chloride ion (Cl − ) from sea water using an ion exchange membrane electrodialysis process, and is composed of more than 99% NaCl 1 . Sea salt (SS) is crystallized from seawater in salt ponds using sunlight and wind 2 . Unlike purified salt, SS generally contains 92.4~94.4% NaCl and various other minerals, such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) 3 . This imparts numerous health functionalities to SS 4-9 and a unique taste 10 as compared to purified salt. In addition, our previous study showed that the crystallization time and evaporating method of seawater are important factors affecting the quality, mineral composition, taste, and health functions of SS.High salt consumption has synergistic effects in western diet-induced metabolic diseases 11 . In Europe and Northern America, most people eat processed foods (added high salt content using purified salt) compared to home cooked foods (as high as 75% in USA and UK) 12 . Moreover, high-income English-speaking countries have the highest rate of obesity in the world 13 . In addition, beverage consumption has increased the obesity risk 14,15 because of their salt (purified salt) and sucrose content. Overall, one possible reason for obesity is the high intake level of purified salt 16 , which is cheaper than ...

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Effects of Different Kinds of Salt in the Comutagenicity and Growth of Cancer Cells

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Bamboo salt attenuates CCl₄-induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

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Effects of Different Kinds of Salt in the Comutagenicity and Growth of Cancer Cells

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Bamboo salt attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

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Bamboo salt attenuates CCl₄-induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats