Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Ju, Jaehyun; Song, Jia; Park, Eui Seong; Sool, Myoung; Park, Kun Young

doi:10.4162/nrp.2016.10.6.629

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In this study, 1% NaCl intake increased the mouse body weight, but CNS intake decreased the same, and these results are similar to our previous studies. This has been clarified in other experiments using 1% concentrated NaCl or SS intake 6,7 , and this concentration did not affect the blood sodium concentration in mice (Supplement Fig. 4A).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Generally manufactured SS (GS) is a mixture of old and new seawater used during the process of evaporation in natural sunlight and wind, whereas CNS production uses only new seawater and has reported better health benefits compared to purified salt (NaCl) and other kinds of SS 6,7 . Compared to GS and FS, CNS reduces the mouse body weight, as well as size, weight, and number of lipid droplets in the epididymal fat tissues, and also inhibits expressions of the adipo/lipogenesis-related genes in A/D + HFD induced colorectal cancer and obesity mice model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obesity parameters include percentage of fat 39 , TG, TC 40 , ALT, AST 41 , leptin 42 , adipogenesis (SREBP-1, C/ EBPα, PPARγ) 43 , and lipogenesis related genes (SREBP-1, C/EBPα, LXRα) 44 . Ju et al 7 reported that SS reduced the mouse body weight, epididymal white adipose tissue weight, TG, TC, and leptin in the serum of HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, a deep seawater treatment also reduced the mouse body weight, TG, TC in ob/ob mice 45 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Park

Yang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Sodium is an essential component of the human body, with known influences on obesity. This paper reports the effect of cube natural sea salt (CNS) on the reduction of obesity in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by ameliorating the obesity parameters and obesityrelated gene mechanisms. The suppression of high fat diet-induced obesity and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by sea salt depends on the manufacturing process and mineral content. The manufacturing method using only new sea water (Cube natural sea salt) decreases the magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) content in the salt with different crystallization and morphologies, compared to the general manufacturing method (Generally manufactured sea salt, GS). Mg in salt is known to considerably affect obesity; an appropriate concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) reduces lipid accumulation significantly and regulates the lipogenesis and liver enzyme activity. Our results indicate that sea salt contains an appropriate level of Mg as compared to table salt (purified salt, NaCl), and is important for regulating obesity, as observed in the in vivo and in vitro anti-obesity effects of CNS. The Mg content and mineral ratio of sea salt are important factors that ameliorate the lipid metabolism and liver enzyme activity in high fat diet induced obesity, and contents of Mg in sea salt can be altered by modifying the manufacturing process.Salt is required to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating the membrane potential, fluid volume, acidbase balance, and nervous system. Globally, many countries predominantly eat purified (iodized), rock, and sea salt. Purified salt (99% sodium chloride, NaCl; generally called table salt) is made from sodium ion (Na + ) and chloride ion (Cl − ) from sea water using an ion exchange membrane electrodialysis process, and is composed of more than 99% NaCl 1 . Sea salt (SS) is crystallized from seawater in salt ponds using sunlight and wind 2 . Unlike purified salt, SS generally contains 92.4~94.4% NaCl and various other minerals, such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) 3 . This imparts numerous health functionalities to SS 4-9 and a unique taste 10 as compared to purified salt. In addition, our previous study showed that the crystallization time and evaporating method of seawater are important factors affecting the quality, mineral composition, taste, and health functions of SS.High salt consumption has synergistic effects in western diet-induced metabolic diseases 11 . In Europe and Northern America, most people eat processed foods (added high salt content using purified salt) compared to home cooked foods (as high as 75% in USA and UK) 12 . Moreover, high-income English-speaking countries have the highest rate of obesity in the world 13 . In addition, beverage consumption has increased the obesity risk 14,15 because of their salt (purified salt) and sucrose content. Overall, one possible reason for obesity is the high intake level of purified salt 16 , which is cheaper than ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Park

Yang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…However, it has been reported that kimchi brined with puried salt shows poor functionalities and taste compared to solar salt brined kimchi. 12 Han et al 6 reported that kimchi brined with solar salt without bittern exhibit higher anticancer effect on HT-29 cells and AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, as compared to puried salt brined kimchi. Moreover, based on sensory evaluation results, the taste and avor scores of puried salt brined kimchi is also lower than solar salt brined kimchi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Mg and S contents in solar salt used in kimchi enhances the taste and anticancer effects on HT-29 colon carcinoma cells

Park

et al. 2020

RSC Adv.

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“…10–13 Recently, a salt containing relatively high concentrations of these elements, therefore called mineral-rich salt, has been reported to generate less oxidative stress and inflammation compared to a mineral-deficient salt and to reduce obesity in animal model systems. 14,15 Consequently, the analysis of Mg, Ca, and K in edible salts is essential for their quality assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Quantitative Analysis of Magnesium and Calcium in Edible Salts Using a Simple Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device

et al. 2019

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Feasibility of a simple laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) device has been investigated for the analysis of Mg and Ca in edible salts. The LIBS spectrometer was assembled with a compact low-power diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) and a non-gated low-resolution handheld spectrometer. A simple sampling process was employed for on-site application. A piece of filter paper was dipped in the aqueous solution of a sample salt and dried for analysis using LIBS. Maintaining the sample surface height at the optimum position was critical to generate plasmas persistently due to the low pulse energy of the DPSSL. The varying height of the filter paper surface was monitored and compensated, while the sample stage was translated to collect spectra from different positions. The variation of line intensities of Mg and Ca could be attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of dry residues. To correct this, the peak that consists of the Na(I) and C(II) lines at 568 nm was employed as a reference signal for intensity normalization of the analyte Mg(II) and Ca(II) lines. For edible salt products, the normalized Mg(II) and Ca(II) line intensities could be well correlated with the concentrations of Mg and Ca determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Our results indicate that a simple LIBS device in combination with the simple sampling method is promising as an on-site salt quality assessment methodology.

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Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Lower Mg and S contents in solar salt used in kimchi enhances the taste and anticancer effects on HT-29 colon carcinoma cells

Feasibility of Quantitative Analysis of Magnesium and Calcium in Edible Salts Using a Simple Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device

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