Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Abstract

Sodium is an essential component of the human body, with known influences on obesity. This paper reports the effect of cube natural sea salt (CNS) on the reduction of obesity in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by ameliorating the obesity parameters and obesityrelated gene mechanisms. The suppression of high fat diet-induced obesity and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by sea salt depends on the manufacturing process and mineral content. The manufacturing method using only new sea water (Cube natural sea salt) decreases the magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) content in the salt with different crystallization and morphologies, compared to the general manufacturing method (Generally manufactured sea salt, GS). Mg in salt is known to considerably affect obesity; an appropriate concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) reduces lipid accumulation significantly and regulates the lipogenesis and liver enzyme activity. Our results indicate that sea salt contains an appropriate level of Mg as compared to table salt (purified salt, NaCl), and is important for regulating obesity, as observed in the in vivo and in vitro anti-obesity effects of CNS. The Mg content and mineral ratio of sea salt are important factors that ameliorate the lipid metabolism and liver enzyme activity in high fat diet induced obesity, and contents of Mg in sea salt can be altered by modifying the manufacturing process.Salt is required to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating the membrane potential, fluid volume, acidbase balance, and nervous system. Globally, many countries predominantly eat purified (iodized), rock, and sea salt. Purified salt (99% sodium chloride, NaCl; generally called table salt) is made from sodium ion (Na + ) and chloride ion (Cl − ) from sea water using an ion exchange membrane electrodialysis process, and is composed of more than 99% NaCl 1 . Sea salt (SS) is crystallized from seawater in salt ponds using sunlight and wind 2 . Unlike purified salt, SS generally contains 92.4~94.4% NaCl and various other minerals, such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) 3 . This imparts numerous health functionalities to SS 4-9 and a unique taste 10 as compared to purified salt. In addition, our previous study showed that the crystallization time and evaporating method of seawater are important factors affecting the quality, mineral composition, taste, and health functions of SS.High salt consumption has synergistic effects in western diet-induced metabolic diseases 11 . In Europe and Northern America, most people eat processed foods (added high salt content using purified salt) compared to home cooked foods (as high as 75% in USA and UK) 12 . Moreover, high-income English-speaking countries have the highest rate of obesity in the world 13 . In addition, beverage consumption has increased the obesity risk 14,15 because of their salt (purified salt) and sucrose content. Overall, one possible reason for obesity is the high intake level of purified salt 16 , which is cheaper than ...

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“…Dietary magnesium and calcium intakes are also associated with a lower MetS risk ( 39 – 41 ). In an animal study, sea salt intake decreased body fat in diet-induced obese animals compared to regular salt, which was associated with the high magnesium and sulfur content of sea salt ( 42 ). In a meta-analysis of six cross-sectional studies, the dietary magnesium intake exhibited a weighted inverse association with MetS risk.…”

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“…Our results agree with HS mice fed a normal diet who have elevated FBG levels. On the other hand, high salt intake reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity by changing the gut microbiota ( 31 , 34 ). We also verified thisperspective since HS + HFD mice did not manifest obesity but had altered gut microbiota.…”

Increased Anticancer Activity of Organic Kimchi with Starters Demonstrated in HT-29 Cancer Cells

“…The total dissolved RNA was quantified using a NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA), and the quantified RNA was synthesized into cDNA using Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). The synthesized cDNA was analyzed for gene expression using a thermal cycler BioRad CFX-96 real-time system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) [24]. The genes Bcl-2, p21, p53, Bim, Bak, Bad, caspases 3 9, and GAPDH were used, and their primer sequences are shown in Table 2.…”