Effects of different algae in diet on growth and interleukin (IL)-10 production of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different algae in diet on growth, survival, and interleukin-10 productions of sea cucumber. At first, a 9-week feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and survival of the sea cucumber fed one of the six experimental diets containing ST (Sargassum thunbergii), UL (Ulva lactuca), UP (Undaria pinnatifida), LJ (Laminaria japonica), SS (Schizochytrium sp.), and NO (Nannochloropsis oculata) in a recirculating aquaculture system. The result showed that survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments, and the specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the UL diet (1.58% d ) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the LJ and NO diets. Secondly, interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression was determined where mice splenocytes were stimulated with 10 μg ml −1 of sea cucumber extracts for 2 h. The result showed that IL-10 gene expression levels were significantly increased in UL, LJ, and NO diets fed sea cucumber extracts compared to other experimental diets. The results suggest that dietary inclusion with Ulva lactuca, Laminaria japonica, and Nannochloropsis oculata algae may improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumber and could upregulate IL-10 gene expression in mice splenocytes. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for sea cucumber culture.

Dietary Supplementation with Omega-6 LC-PUFA-Rich Microalgae Regulates Mucosal Immune Response and Promotes Microbial Diversity in the Zebrafish Gut

“…Expression of il-10 with the supplemented diets could be a major factor affecting survival, as it can induce the repair of mucosal damage during inflammation and regulate monocyte/macrophage populations. Interestingly, extracts of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), known for its many therapeutic effects, fed with cultivated omega-3 LC-PUFA-producing species of Schizochytrium and the microalga Nannochloropsis oculata upregulated IL-10 expression in mouse splenocytes [46]. IL-10 has been identified in a number of teleost fish and its key anti-inflammatory activities-phagocyte stimulation, B-cell differentiation, promotion of memory T cells, and roles in antibody secretion-have been established in the European common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [47].…”

Lipid Class and Phospholipid Compositions of Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with Heat Pump-Decompression Hybrid Dryer and Hot Air Dryer

“…Sea cucumbers are usually marketed as fresh, frozen, dried, cooked-dried, cooked-salted and cooked-salted-dried products [2], [3]. Sea cucumbers preferentially inhabit on muddy and sandy grounds, especially on the ocean and sea shores and consume the sea bottom sediment containing organic matter, including prozotoa, bacteria, diatoms, and detritus of plants or animals [4]- [9].…”

Effects of Diets Containing Different Concentration of Saccharina japonica Algae on Growth and Interleukin (IL)-10 Gene Expression of Juvenile Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

“…Recently sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus has been widely cultured in Asia especially Korea, China, Malaysia, Japan for its high nutritive and economic value [5,6,7,2]. Like other holothurians, sea cucumbers are deposit-feeders that ingest sediment containing organic matter [8,9,10,11] and their gut contents are dominated by different algae, diatoms, detritus, crustaceans and barnacles, echinoderm ossicles, bacteria and protozoa [12,13,2,14].…”

“…The algae Sargassum thunbergii belonging to Sargassaceae is widely used as best ingredients for sea cucumber feed in land-based intensive culture system [16,17]. Rapid expansion of sea cucumber farming, natural resources of this algal species has decreased because they are overexploited, not produced commercially, and its price is increasing rapidly [18,19,20,2,14]. Meanwhile, sea cucumber have high content of n-6 fatty acids, low n-3 fatty acids and lower n-3/n-6 ratio by feeding commercial feed where mostly used S. thunbergii.…”

“…Meanwhile, sea cucumber have high content of n-6 fatty acids, low n-3 fatty acids and lower n-3/n-6 ratio by feeding commercial feed where mostly used S. thunbergii. But n-3 fatty acids and of n-3/n-6 ratio is very important for inflammatory and allergic diseases like asthma [21,14,22]. So, decreasing the amount of S. thunbergii algae in sea cucumber feed will be one strategy to increase the sustainability of the sea cucumber culture.…”