Effects of dietary lutein/canthaxanthin ratio on the growth and pigmentation of large yellow croakerLarimichthys croceus

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lutein/canthaxanthin ratio on the growth and skin coloration of large yellow croaker. Five carotenoids supplemented diets were formulated to contain 75/0, 50/25, 37.5/37.5, 25/50 and 0/75 mg kg À1 of lutein/canthaxanthin. The diet without carotenoids supplementation was used as the control. Fish of the similar size (13.83 AE 0.04 g) were fed with these experimental diets for 8 weeks in sea cages. Results showed that there were no significant differences in survival rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio among the all treatments (P > 0.05). The ventral skin lightness was not affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the dorsal skin lightness in the treatment of control was significantly lower than those in the treatments with supplemented dietary carotenoids (P < 0.05). The lowest values of yellowness, redness and carotenoid content both in ventral and dorsal skin were found in the control. Yellowness and carotenoid content both in ventral skin and in dorsal skin decreased with the decreasing of the proportion of dietary lutein. Meanwhile, the redness increased with the increasing of the proportion of dietary canthaxanthin. Fish fed with the control diet had higher melanin content in the dorsal skin, although no significant differences were found. Coloration parameters were linearly related to the carotenoid content in skin. Meanwhile, yellowness, redness and carotenoid content were linearly related to the proportion of dietary lutein. In conclusion, under present conditions, both lutein and canthaxanthin are needed in the diet for large yellow croaker. Compared to the lutein, higher dietary canthaxanthin contents are better for the skin redness.

Synergism of Dietary Co-Supplementation with Lutein and Bile Salts Improved the Growth Performance, Carotenoid Content, Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipase Activity of the Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

“…In the same sense with the current findings, dietary LTN at a dose of 75 mg kg −1 of feed provided higher yellowness and carotenoid content in the skin of the large yellow Croaker, Larimichthys croceus, [75]). Dietary LTN in powdered and nano forms significantly increased LTN levels in plasma, liver, eyes, and adipose tissue of guinea pigs [78].…”

“…Additionally, the skin, muscle, and whole-body content of carotenoids in fish fed LTN in combination with BS was significantly higher than the control. The determination of skin carotenoids is an accurate indicator for the quantitative fish skin pigmentation [23], whereas the coloration parameters were linearly related to the carotenoid content in the skin [75]. In fish, the biotransformation and degradation of LTN via oxidative and reductive pathways is not completely understood and differ from species to other [76,77].…”

Lutein as a natural carotenoid source: Effect on growth, survival and skin pigmentation of goldfish juveniles ( Carassius auratus )

“…The astaxanthin concentration evaluated was within the margin recommended in the literature, which ranged from 36 to 80 mg/kg (Gouveia & Rema, 2005;Gouveia et al, 2003;Paripatananont et al, 1999). Lutein inclusion levels are also showed a synergistic effect by improving skin pigmentation (Wang et al, 2006;Yuangsoi, Jintasataporn, Areechon, & Tabthipwon, 2011) and health (Wang et al, 2006;Yi, Li, Xu, Zhang, & Mai, 2016). Lutein inclusion levels are also showed a synergistic effect by improving skin pigmentation (Wang et al, 2006;Yuangsoi, Jintasataporn, Areechon, & Tabthipwon, 2011) and health (Wang et al, 2006;Yi, Li, Xu, Zhang, & Mai, 2016).…”

“…For goldfish, there are no studies evaluating the effects of diets supplemented with the combination of different carotenoids. For other ornamental fish species, the combination of carotenoid sources showed a synergistic effect by improving skin pigmentation (Wang et al, 2006;Yuangsoi, Jintasataporn, Areechon, & Tabthipwon, 2011) and health (Wang et al, 2006;Yi, Li, Xu, Zhang, & Mai, 2016). This response varies according to the species and source of carotenoid used.…”

Effects of dietary vitamin E and astaxanthin on growth, skin colour and antioxidative capacity of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

“…Under intensive culture condition, farmed large yellow croaker is susceptible to lose its natural yellow colour. Several studies have shown that the skin colour of large yellow croaker was improved by dietary carotenoids and shrimp meal supplementations (Yi, Xu et al., ; Yi, Zhang, Xu, Li, Zhang & Mai ; Yi, Li, Xu, Zhang, et al., ; Yi, Li, Xu, Zhou, et al., ; Yi et al., ). Previous studies showed that increasing dietary vitamin E can improve the astaxanthin deposition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L (Bjerkeng, Hamre, Hatlen, & Wathne, ) or the canthaxanthin deposition in rainbow trout (Pozo, Lavety, & Love, ).…”