Lutein as a natural carotenoid source: Effect on growth, survival and skin pigmentation of goldfish juveniles ( Carassius auratus )

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lutein supplementation on growth, survival and skin pigmentation for goldfish juveniles. Four diets enriched with different carotenoid sources (lutein, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and a combination of lutein and canthaxanthin) were compared to a control diet without carotenoid supplementation. The carotenoid inclusion level was standardized at 50 mg kg‐1 in all treatments. 240 goldfish juveniles (1.07�0.57 g) were cultivated in 30 aquariums (30L) during 84 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and six replicates. The dietary inclusion of carotenoid pigments did not affect the growth and feeding efficiency of goldfish juveniles. Supplementation with lutein presented higher survival values when compared to the other treatments. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin supplementation increased the concentration of carotenoids on the skin of goldfish juveniles in relation to the control treatment. For the fish fed with the diet containing lutein, the skin pigmentation was as efficient as astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, but did not differ from the control and combined treatment (canthaxanthin + lutein). The lutein supplementation (50 mg kg‐1) improved survival and promoted efficient carotenoid pigmentation on the skin of goldfish juveniles.

Isolation and Characterization of Two Microalgal Isolates from Vietnam with Potential for Food, Feed, and Biodiesel Production

“…Available data suggest that the introns in the algae studied here may have a common origin, subsequently either persisting (D. opoliensis GS2j) or changing with the degradation (D. intermedius, D. opoliensis GS2m, Desmodesmus sp. nl3) and final loss of HE (Desmodesmus GM4i), and the intron itself, consistent with the homing life cycle of invasion and loss of the introns in closely related species [53].…”

Synergism of Dietary Co-Supplementation with Lutein and Bile Salts Improved the Growth Performance, Carotenoid Content, Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipase Activity of the Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

“…However, fish cannot synthesize their own coloring pigments de novo, thus, external sources should be provided [25,74]. Lutein is a yellow pigment responsible for yellowish-orange coloration [23]. In the present study, external pigmentation of rabbitfish skin revealed a marked yellow pigmentation and brightness in fish fed the BS+LTN supplemented diet.…”

“…Dietary LTN supplementation alone did not affect growth performance (weight and length indices) and feed efficiency in the present study. Similarly, LTN supplementation did not significantly improve the growth of goldfish, Carassius auratus and Lake Kurumoi rainbow fish, Melanotaenia parva [23,25]. In addition, several studies indicated that feeding LTN or carotenoid sources did not exert any marked effects on growth performance and feed utilization of different fish species, including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar [60], characins, Hyphessobrycon callistus [18], rainbow trout, O. mykiss [61,62], and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [63].…”

“…Additionally, the skin, muscle, and whole-body content of carotenoids in fish fed LTN in combination with BS was significantly higher than the control. The determination of skin carotenoids is an accurate indicator for the quantitative fish skin pigmentation [23], whereas the coloration parameters were linearly related to the carotenoid content in the skin [75]. In fish, the biotransformation and degradation of LTN via oxidative and reductive pathways is not completely understood and differ from species to other [76,77].…”

“…In the natural aquatic environment, fish obtain their carotenoid requirements from the natural food web, including aquatic plants, algae, and micro-organisms, which reflects its coloration and brightness and participates in maintaining normal animal performance [22,23]. Therefore, under the conditions of fish farming, an artificial diet formula must be considered for carotenoid accessibility because fish do not have the ability to synthesis it and a deficiency of carotenoids affects pigmentation, immunity, and the antioxidant system [23][24][25]. LTN bioavailability is critically affected by its absorption rate [12].…”