Synergism of Dietary Co-Supplementation with Lutein and Bile Salts Improved the Growth Performance, Carotenoid Content, Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipase Activity of the Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

Abstract

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with bile salts (BS), lutein (LTN), and their combination on growth, survival, carotenoid content, and antioxidant status of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) larvae. Fish were fed four isonitrogenous (34.39% protein) and isoenergetic (20.57 kJ/g) diets supplemented with BS (0.15 g kg−1), LTN (0.1 g kg−1), BS+LTN (0.15 and 0.1 g kg−1, respectively), and a non-supplemented control diet. The results revealed that fish fed BS+LTN had the highest significant specific growth rate (4.37% day−1), feed efficiency (46.55%), and survival (97.78%). Lutein supplementation improved whole-body protein content, meanwhile, fish fed a BS-supplemented diet had a higher lipid content. The carotenoid deposition was significantly increased with LTN and BS+LTN in skin, muscle, and whole body compared to the control and BS treatment. All dietary supplementation of BS and LTN showed significant improvement in total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Additionally, LTN alone or BS+LTN significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels by 5.30 and 29.91%, respectively compared to the control. BS supplementation modulated aminopeptidases activities, triglycerides, cholesterol, and increased the activity of pancreatic lipase. Therefore, it could be inferred that dietary supplementation with LTN in combination with BS could improve the growth performance, carotenoid deposition, antioxidant status, lipid digestion, and metabolism of S. rivulatus.

Physiological Performance, Antioxidant and Immune Status, Columnaris Resistance, and Growth of Nile Tilapia That Received Alchemilla vulgaris-Supplemented Diets

“…The dietary condensed tannin upregulated the hepatic mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase 1, CAT, and SOD in [ 53 ]. Several studies support our outcomes and elucidate that plant phytochemicals exhibit strong scavenging activity and are antioxidant system stimulators [ 22 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ].…”

Dietary Effects of Carotenoid on Growth Performance and Pigmentation in Bighead Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864)

“…The carotenoid content was lowest in the control group, while higher muscle and carotenoid accumulation were found in treatments supplemented with xanthophyll diet. Similar results were also found in other fish species [8,34,35,41], and additional synthetic pigments and/or natural carotenoids sources also enhanced carotenoid levels in muscle of European seabass [17] and Spinefoot rabbitfish [18]. Other studies reported that fish were better able to accumulate yellow pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin) than red pigments (canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) [14,42,43].…”

“…Studies have shown that incorporating synthetic carotenoid pigments or natural carotenoid-rich feed ingredients into fish diet enhances the growth and color performances of different fish [12,[14][15][16][17][18]. However, the optimum dietary supplementation level for each of the carotenoid pigments (canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, xanthophylls) is species-specific.…”

Developing algae as a sustainable food source

“…Lutein is another essential carotenoid that is found in human food coloring, and coloring in poultry and fish (63).…”

“…Lutein is another essential carotenoid that is found in human food coloring, and coloring in poultry and fish ( 63 ). Because of high carotenoid content in the human eye, several studies have been conducted to research lutein as a nutraceutical for problems regarding vision and the structure of the eye ( 64 ).…”