Effects of Anchomanes difformis on Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Organ Toxicity in STZ-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Persistent hyperglycemia is known to cause enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species in diabetes. Several inflammatory cytokines are induced by oxidative stress, and their release also leads to increased oxidative stress; this makes oxidative stress one of the important factors in the development of chronic inflammation and other immune responses. These have been implicated in the development of diabetic complications such as nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. Anchomanes difformis has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. The present study investigated the immunomodulatory potential and the antiapoptotic ability of Anchomanes difformis to ameliorate heart toxicity and injury in type II diabetes. Two weeks of fructose (10%) administration followed by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) were used to induce type II diabetes in male Wistar rats. Leaf extract (aqueous) of Anchomanes difformis (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered orally for six weeks. Blood glucose concentrations and body weights before and after interventions were determined. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were measured in the heart homogenates. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total protein, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) levels were determined. Expressions of transcription factors (Nrf 2 and NFkB/p65) and apoptotic markers were also investigated in the heart. Anchomanes difformis administration reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased anti-inflammatory markers, and enhanced antioxidant defense in the heart of diabetic treated animals. Anchomanes difformis is a new, promising therapeutic agent that can be explored for the treatment of pathological conditions associated with immune responses and will be a useful tool in the management of associated diabetic complications.

<i>Sterculia tragacantha</i> Lindl Aqueous Leaf Extract Ameliorate Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats via Urotensin II and FABP3 Expressions

“…In this study, diabetic rats presented momentously raised in MDA probably due to accumulation of free radicals which might lead to DNA fragmentation and protein damage of the heart tissue. This is in accordance with the previous study carried out by Alabi et al 17) . However, this was ameliorated in diabetic rats that received ST leaf (LDST and HDST) probably due to its antioxidant ability.…”

“…1. Persistent hyperglycemia stimulates the generation of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the heart mitochondria 17) . Surplus ROS support rises in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and subsequently changes membrane structure and enzyme activities 18) .…”

FTZ Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Inhibiting Inflammation and Cardiac Fibrosis in the Streptozotocin-Induced Model

“…The diabetic model mice in the present study exhibited increased serum levels of IL-12 and IL-6 and increased mRNA levels of IL-12 and IL-6 in the heart. In line with previous studies showing that the cardiac level of IL-10, an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, significantly decreased in diabetic animals [ 45 , 46 ], we found that the serum level of IL-10 significantly increased in diabetic mice. These data indicate that the imbalance between the proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a vital role in DCM, and the rebalance of the inflammatory level might have direct cardioprotective effects on diabetes.…”

Leaf Extracts of Anchomanes difformis Ameliorated Kidney and Pancreatic Damage in Type 2 Diabetes

“…The wide range of biological properties of compounds present in AD has necessitated the need to further investigates its potentials against diabetes and diabetic complications. Our research works then investigated, established and reported the antidiabetic ability of AD aqueous extract [ 27 ], which led to further explore the attenuating ability of AD diabetic complications involving the liver, heart and the reproductive system [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. However, no study has been conducted to investigate the potency of AD leaves on the kidney and pancreas pathology in diabetes mellitus.…”