Leaf Extracts of Anchomanes difformis Ameliorated Kidney and Pancreatic Damage in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Kidney disease in diabetes is one of the common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus implicated in end-stage renal failure. This study explored the ability of Anchomanes difformis to ameliorate kidney and pancreatic damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus using male Wistar rats. Two weeks of fructose (10%) administration followed by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) were used to induce type 2 diabetes. Leaf extract (aqueous) of Anchomanes difformis (200 mg and 400 mg/kgBW) was administered orally for six weeks. Body weights were monitored, urea and creatinine were measured. Interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and TNFα were measured in the kidney lysate. CAT, SOD, ORAC, FRAP, and MDA levels were also evaluated in the kidney. Transcription factors (Nrf2 and NF-ĸB/p65) and apoptotic markers (Bcl2 and caspase 3) were investigated in the kidney. Histological sections of the pancreas and kidney tissues were examined for any visible pathology. Supplementation with Anchomanesdifformis enhanced antioxidant status, modulated inflammatory response, and reduced apoptosis in the kidney. It also restored the kidney and pancreatic histoarchitecture of the treated diabetic rats. The pathophysiology associated with diabetic nephropathy and pancreatic damage showcase the importance of exploring the use of antidiabetic, nephroprotective agents such as Anchomanes difformis to kidney damage in type 2 diabetes.

Nephroprotective Plants: A Review on the Use in Pre-Renal and Post-Renal Diseases

“…At the molecular level, the extract reduced the serum concentration of urea, reduced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of CAT and SOD, and had anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of NF-κB and Bcl2, thus, decreasing the IL-10, IL-18 and TNFα, IL-18 levels. In this work, no significant difference was found between the two tested concentrations: 200 and 400 mg/kg BW, and the effect was not specifically associated with phytochemicals [ 45 ]. In contrast, similar antioxidant effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa infusion in the metabolic syndrome rat model have been attributed to the high content of antioxidant phytochemicals such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids and phenolic acids.…”

“…Indian and Chinese medicines are widely accepted due to their effectiveness, with fewer side effects reported in comparison to modern systems of medicine. Furthermore, plants in the management of diseases are presented as a cost-effective alternative [ 45 , 46 ]. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about how plants act as therapeutic agents.…”

“…Type 2 diabetes, is a low response of insulin secreted to the target tissues [ 72 , 73 ]. Over time, DM is a risk factor for CKD, and diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease [ 45 , 79 ]. The pathophysiology induced by DM develops in multifactorial forms and can even trigger other renal risk factors.…”

“…The reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces severe damage through lipid peroxidation, oxidizing low-density lipoprotein (LDL). ROS also activate inflammatory response activating the signaling pathway with the transcription factors Bcl2, NF-κB which promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-18, TNF-α and MCP1) and apoptosis cascade [ 45 , 80 ]. Finally, glomerular hypertrophy occurs with thickening of the basement membrane and mesangial expansion, which can lead to glomerulosclerosis, hemodynamic dysregulation, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis ( Figure 2 ) [ 45 , 79 ].…”

Ameliorative effects of Anchomanes difformis aqueous extract against oxidative stress in the testes and epididymis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats

“…Other diseases and ailments such as asthma ( Alabi et al, 2020 , Oghale and Idu, 2016 ), malaria ( Olanlokun et al, 2017 ), cough and throat related issues ( Ataman and Idu, 2015 ), were treated by extracts from the plant were recorded. A. difformis contains nutritional components together with some compounds such as alkaloids and phenolic compounds, which are components of antioxidants ( Alabi et al, 2021 ).…”