“…Although there have been many studies in Japan examining relations benveen students' goal orientations and, for example, causal attribution, conceptions of abhty and effort, learning strategies, problem-solving, or depression (e.g., Hayamizu, Ito, & Yoshizaki, 1989;Watanabe, 1990;Sakurai, 1995;Uebuchi, 1995), there have not been any studies of the two h e nsions of performance goals independently. Furthermore, there was little study examining this new framework of goal orientations outside of the United States.…”