Effectiveness of Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide on Respiratory Transmitted, Enteric, and Bloodborne Viruses: A Narrative Synthesis

Totaro, Michele; Badalucco, Federica; Costa, Anna Laura; Tuvo, Benedetta; Casini, Beatrice; Privitera, Gaetano Pierpaolo; Fabris, Giovanni Battista Menchini; Baggiani, Angelo

doi:10.3390/pathogens10081017

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Chlorine dioxide is often used in the treatment of water and wastewater due to its virucidal effect as it causes disruption of viral glycoproteins including viral genome (Ge et al, 2021 ). It is also used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine and has been shown to be effective against both enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses (Ge et al, 2021 ; Totaro et al, 2021 ). However, limited studies have evaluated the effect of chlorine dioxide as an option to decrease the viral titers in the oral cavity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinses in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry

et al. 2022

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Objective This work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) transmission during high‐risk dental procedures. Methods The antiviral activity of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre‐incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pseudovirus in a dosage‐dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T‐ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE‐2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell‐to‐cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO‐K1) cells co‐expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS‐CoV‐2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre‐incubated with the ORs before co‐culturing with the target CHO‐K1 cells co‐expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein and ACE‐2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell‐ELISA. Finally, dosage‐dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points. Results A dosage‐dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell‐to‐cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity. Conclusions Chlorine‐dioxide‐based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and spread.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinses in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry

et al. 2022

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“…This activity was shown at the patient chair point (1 m from aerosolization source). Considering the mean chlorine values reached in air, O-CD method may prevent the microbiological risk done by environmental bacteria and respiratory viruses transmitted by droplets (SARS-CoV-2) [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a Water Disinfection Method Based on Osmosis and Chlorine Dioxide for the Prevention of Microbial Contamination in Dental Practices

Totaro

Badalucco

Papini

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In dental clinics, the infections may be acquired through contaminated devices, air, and water. Aerosolized water may contain bacteria, grown into the biofilm of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). We evaluated a disinfection method based on water osmosis and chlorination with chlorine dioxide (O-CD), applied to DUWL of five dental clinics. Municipal water was chlorinated with O-CD device before feeding all DUWLs. Samplings were performed on water/air samples in order to research total microbial counts at 22–37 °C, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella spp., and chlorine values. Water was collected from the taps, spittoons, and air/water syringes. Air was sampled before, during, and after 15 min of aerosolizing procedure. Legionella and P. aeruginosa resulted as absent in all water samples, which presented total microbial counts almost always at 0 CFU/mL. Mean values of total chlorine ranged from 0.18–0.23 mg/L. Air samples resulted as free from Legionella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Total microbial counts decreased from the pre-aerosolizing (mean 2.1 × 102 CFU/m3) to the post-aerosolizing samples (mean 1.5 × 10 CFU/m3), while chlorine values increased from 0 to 0.06 mg/L. O-CD resulted as effective against the biofilm formation in DUWLs. The presence of residual activity of chlorine dioxide also allowed the bacteria reduction from air, at least at one meter from the aerosolizing source.

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“…Recent studies have shown that ClO 2 prevents the recombinant spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by attaching to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [12,13]. Additionally, ClO 2 interacts with one or more cysteine, tyrosine, or tryptophan amino acid residues of the spike proteins in enveloped viruses and also attaches to the viral DNA of non-enveloped viruses [14,15]. However, the concentration, exposure time, pH, and temperature affect the antiviral and antimicrobial effects of ClO 2 [16][17][18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anticancer Potential of Chlorine Dioxide in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Yıldız¹,

Bilir²,

Eskiler³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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BackgroundChlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is an effective disinfectant consisting of oxygen, chloride, and potassium. Because of its high oxidative capacity, ClO 2 exerts antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal effects. However, its anticancer effects remain to be elucidated. MethodologyThe anticancer activity of CIO 2 was assessed on DMS114 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as control by WST-1, Annexin V, cell cycle analysis, and acridine orange staining. We for the first time investigated the possible therapeutic effects of long-term stabilized ClO 2 solution (LTSCD). ResultsOur preliminary findings showed that LTSCD significantly inhibited the proliferation of SCLC cells (p < 0.01) with less toxicity in HUVEC cells. Additionally, LTSCD induced apoptotic cell death in SCLC cells through nuclear blebbing and vacuolar formation. However, LTSCD treatment did not induce cell cycle arrest in both cell lines. ConclusionsLTSCD can be a therapeutic potential for the treatment of SCLC. However, further investigations are required to assess the LTSCD-induced cell death in SCLC both in vitro and in vivo.

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Effectiveness of Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide on Respiratory Transmitted, Enteric, and Bloodborne Viruses: A Narrative Synthesis

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Significance of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinses in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry

Significance of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinses in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry

Effectiveness of a Water Disinfection Method Based on Osmosis and Chlorine Dioxide for the Prevention of Microbial Contamination in Dental Practices

The Anticancer Potential of Chlorine Dioxide in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells

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