Significance of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinses in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry

Abstract

Objective This work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) transmission during high‐risk dental procedures. Methods The antiviral activity of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre‐incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pseudovirus in a dosage‐dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T‐ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE‐2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell‐to‐cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO‐K1) cells co‐expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS‐CoV‐2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre‐incubated with the ORs before co‐culturing with the target CHO‐K1 cells co‐expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein and ACE‐2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell‐ELISA. Finally, dosage‐dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points. Results A dosage‐dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell‐to‐cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity. Conclusions Chlorine‐dioxide‐based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and spread.

Efficacy of different mouthwashes against COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

“…Out of these, three clinical studies were eligible for quantitative analysis [27] , [28] , [29] . The reasons for exclusion after full-text screening are reported in Table 3 [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [87] .…”

“… Nasal spray(s) alone or in combination with mouthwash(es) 8 [30] , [31] , [33] , [34] , [40] , [41] , [59] , [64] 2. Study type (in silico, animal studies, case report/series, non-randomized clinical trials, review, no experimental data) 14 [42] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [54] , [60] , [62] , [63] , [68] , [71] , [82] , [85] , [86] , [125] 3. Off-topic 4 [32] , [35] , [45] , [49] 4.…”

“… Absence of a control group (as defined in the "Materials and methods" section) 4 [37] , [38] , [39] , [65] 7. Missing details on mouthwash formulation, concentration and/or application time 10 [36] , [44] , [69] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [78] , [85] 8. Language 1 [43] 9.…”

Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of different disinfectants on the biofilm formation in dental unit water systems using dip slide and conventional methods: A pilot study

“…In terms of interaction with dental materials, HOCl has been found to increase the bond strength between the tooth and self‐adhesive resin cement (Totaro et al, 2022). In terms of biocompatibility, HOCl is an agent with antimicrobial activity, which is naturally produced by the human immune system to fight infection (Zoni et al, 2007) and has been reported to show similar antibacterial activity to NaOCl on E. faecalis , but much lower toxicity than NaOCl (Travis et al, 2022).…”

Plant Cell-Engineered Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Quercetin Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 Entry

“…In this study, we were interested in testing the effect of plant cell-engineered gold nanoparticles (pAuNPs) in the presence or absence of conjugated quercetin on SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 viruses as they pose a significant risk, specifically in dental clinic settings and procedures with no commercial antiviral drugs available to target the entry of pathogenic variants of SARS-CoV-2 or with the emerging drug-resistant strains of HSV-1 [16][17][18]. Interestingly, our group reported the development of plant-engineered gold nanoparticles (pAuNPs) [19] conjugated with the phytochemical quercetin [personal communication].…”