Effective attenuation of atrazine-induced histopathological changes in testicular tissue by antioxidantN-phenyl-4-aryl-polyhydroquinolines

Abstract

Some of the environmental toxicants acting as endocrine disruptors have been associated with health hazards in human and wildlife by modulating hormonal actions. Atrazine, a strong endocrine disruptor, induces detrimental effects on gonads in male and female, and causes impairment of fertility and developmental problems as well as sex alterations. Atrazine decreases the activities of antioxidant enzymes and thus responsible for oxidative stress. Natural antioxidants have shown ability to reduce/slow down the apoptotic effect of atrazine on testicular tissue. In the present study, some N-phenyl-4-aryl-polyhydroquinolines bearing phenolic or/and alkoxy group(s) (6a-6g) were synthesized and evaluated for antioxidant activity in four different assays. Three best compounds (6e-6g) were studied for their ameliorative effect on testicular tissue supplemented with atrazine in vitro.

The effect of crocin on testicular tissue and sperm parameters of mice offspring from mothers exposed to atrazine during pregnancy and lactation periods: An experimental study

“…In this regard, it may increase sperm count and prevent sperm damage. On the one hand, atrazine leads to inhibition of antioxidants such as catalase and superoxide dismutase and glutathione and on the other hand, increases levels of oxidants such as nitric oxide and malondialdehyde, therefore, active derivatives of oxygen (ROS) accumulate within cells and leads to cell apoptosis through various pathways such as germinal cell DNA fragmentation (6, 13, 35). Testicular tissue is very vulnerable to oxidative stress due to high metabolic activity (15).…”

“…Moreover, the research results show that atrazine also increases oxidative stress and reduces the activity of antioxidant enzymes (6, 13). However, the testicular tissue is very vulnerable to oxidative stress due to the high metabolic activity which can lead to increased apoptosis rate (14, 15) and is characterized with chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and eventually cell fragmentation and creation of apoptotic bodies (16).…”

Crystal structure of 4-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, C22H27NO4

“…4-Arylpolyhydroquinoline is one of the most commonly encountered heterocyclic moiety, which forms the important component of pharmacophores for a number of compounds having medicinal signi cance including anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-HIV, antihyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic activities [1,2]. Recognizing the considerable importance of the compounds, research focused on the synthesis of new 4-arylpolyhydroquinoline [3,4].…”

Crystal structure of ethyl 2-methyl-4-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, C18H21NO3S

“…Arylpolyhydroquinoline derivatives form an important class of compounds. These compounds may possess several types of pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-HIV, anticoagulant, spasmolytic, and antibacterial activity [4]. A large number of 4-arylpolyhydroquinoline derivatives have been reported to show substantial cytotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo [5,6].…”