Effect of Xylazine–Tiletamine–Zolazepam on the Local Field Potential of the Rat Olfactory Bulb

Abstract

Neural oscillations of the mammalian olfactory system have been studied for decades. This research suggests they are linked to various processes involved in odor information analysis, depending on the vigilance state and presentation of stimuli. In addition, the effects of various anesthetics, including commonly used ones like chloral hydrate, pentobarbital,ketamine, and urethane, on the local field potential (LFP) in the olfactory bulb (OB) have been studied. In particular, the combination of xylazine and tiletamine–zolazepam has been shown to produce steady anesthesia for an extended period and relatively few adverse effects; however, their effects on the LFP in the OB remain unknown. To study those effects,we recorded the LFP in the OB of rats under xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam anesthesia. During the period of anesthesia,the spectral powers of the 1–4, 9–16, 31–64, 65–90 frequency bands increased significantly, and that of 91–170 Hz frequency band decreased significantly, whereas no significant changes were observed in the 5–8 and 17–30 Hz ranges. These results reveal dynamic changes in the time and frequency characteristics of the LFP in the OB of rats under xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam anesthesia and suggest that this combination of anesthetics could be used for studying oscillatory processesin the OB of rats.

Improved Recovery of Complete Spinal Cord Transection by a Plasma-Modified Fibrillar Scaffold

“…The animals were anesthetized intramuscularly with Xylazine (10 mg/kg) and Zoletil (10 mg/kg) [ 57 , 58 ]. Once deep anesthesia was confirmed by toe pinching, the back of the animal was shaved, and povidone-iodine was applied to the incision area.…”

Changes in spontaneous and odorant-induced single-unit activity of mitral/tufted neurons of the rat olfactory bulb during xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia

“…Arrays of the microelectrodes were implanted under XTZ anesthesia in the OB of rats to a depth of about 400 µm below dura where M/T cells are predominantly located ( Gao et al, 2018 ). All surgical procedures for the implantation of microelectrode arrays and the postoperative recovery period are described in detail in our previous publication ( Kosenko et al, 2020 ). The recovery period after the implantation surgery was at least one week before the first experiments.…”

“…However, it is also known that anesthesia is a dynamic process that includes several phases, including transitions from wakefulness to anesthesia and back to wakefulness ( Yoon et al, 2011 , Esteves et al, 2019 ). We have previously shown ( Kosenko et al, 2020 ) that the use of XTZ anesthesia leads to phase changes in the functional state of the OB, which is most clearly manifested at the gamma frequencies (91–170 Hz) of the OB LFP. Given these circumstances, it can be expected that the nature of OB activity caused by the presentation of odorants depends not only on the presence or absence of anesthesia and its nature, but also on its phase.…”

Radiological evaluation for effect of NAC on tibia puncture fracture in dogs

“…The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia by injecting 10 mg/kg of acepromazine maleate intramuscularly as a tranquilizer. Inject a combination of (30-40) mg/kg body weight of ketamine hydrochloride* and (5-8) mg/kg body weight of xylazine intramuscularly** after 10 minutes to induce anesthesia (Kosenko et al, 2020). The animal was placed in a lateral recumbent posture, and a skin incision was made in the medial portion of the distal third of the tibia.…”