Effect of vesicle's membrane packing behaviour on skin penetration of model lipophilic drug

Abstract

Disaccharide glycosides synthesised from food grade resources consist of the hydrophilic head group of maltose or lactose and provide better hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB = 12) to the long alkyl chain derived from palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). Maltoside provides more flexibility in the vesicle's membrane because of its low packing density in the bilayer membrane compared to lactoside. The bending of the molecular structure in maltose form a less compact assembly for maltoside, whereas lactose is more linear in shape. Apart from hydrophilic moieties, packing behaviour was also governed by the hydrophobic moieties. PO has higher degree of unsaturation compared to PKO, thus providing higher fluidity in the bilayer membrane. Vesicle with high membrane flexibility is easier to disintegrate and deform to enhance drug penetration into the skin. Results showed that the glycosides delivered vitamin E (VE) into deeper skin layer at least two-fold higher than free VE.

Amphiphilic designer nano-carriers for controlled release: from drug delivery to diagnostics

“…139,140 Many research groups have studied the entrapment efficiencies of hydrophilic, amphiphatic, and lipophilic drugs in several sugar surfactants. 77,93,140,141 These studies suggest a general tendency that higher encapsulation efficiency of hydrophilic substances (percentage of entrapped drug) was obtained when a surfactant system has a high T m with a less leaky membrane. On the other hand, the high T m can be a severe problem in encapsulation, particularly of temperaturesensitive drugs or proteins.…”

“…Owing to their amphiphilic nature, sugar-based surfactants and glycolipids can also be used as starting materials to form vesicles. [76][77][78] A sugar amphiphile consists of hydrophilic sugar units bonded to one or more hydrophobic tails and can be naturally or synthetically derived. The sugar head moieties can be monosaccharide (mannose, glucose, galactose), disaccharide (lactose, maltose, sucrose, or trehalose), or polysaccharides.…”

“…101 In applications other than tumour drug delivery, alkyl glycoside vesicles could also be used to enhance drug skin penetration as has been recently shown by our group using maltosylated and lactosylated alkyl glycosides. 77…”

Novel reverse electrodialysis-driven iontophoretic system for topical and transdermal delivery of poorly permeable therapeutic agents

“…The washing procedure was validated and found to remove >95% of the initial dose applied on the skin surface at time zero (Singh et al., 2010 ). The amount of vitamin C deposited in the stratum corneum was determined by a tape stripping method (Gopee et al., 2009 ; Lademann et al., 2009 ; Rissmann et al., 2009 ; Aripin et al., 2013 ). In brief, a cellophane adhesive tape (CuDerm Co., Dallas, TX) was pressed on the skin surface ten times with a roller of 1 kg in weight (the weight of the roller itself was used to press the tape) and then pulled off with one fluent stroke.…”

Glycolipids from natural sources: dry liquid crystal properties, hydrogen bonding and molecular mobility of Palm Kernel oil mannosides

“…Alkyl polyglycosides, APG, are already commercially available as non-toxic surfactants used as microemulsions, detergents and cleaners [7]. Interestingly, mixtures of alkyl glycosides derived from palm oil, PO, and palm kernel oil, PKO, have been shown to be more efficient carriers than alkyl polyglycosides since the former have high drug loading and storage stability, and can potentially carry hydrophobic drug into deeper layers of the skin [8,9]. Palm oil is commonly used as a component in food and biological products due to its biocompatibility and superior emulsifying properties, and palm oil esters provide with excellent moisturizing capability and good skin compatibility, and are used in nanoemulsions of cosmeceutical products [10,11].…”