Effect of turpentine oil on C-reactive protein (CRP) production in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The acute phase response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Humoral and cellular response

“…Turpentine is one of several agents that have been used experimentally to induce APR in mammals and fish and the dosage used in the present study was comparable to previously reported dosages for fish [15,16,21,22]. APR can also be generated by other inflammatory agents like bacterial LPS [16] as well as by stress, injury or infection [23e25].…”

“…For example, an increase in the serum concentration of CRP-like protein was reported in channel catfish following turpentine injection while the level was reduced following infection and a low temperature shock [16]. On the other hand, reduced serum levels of CRP were seen in rainbow trout following turpentine injection [15] and elevated CRP levels in major carp (Catla catla) following exposure to pollutants [44]. In a study of rainbow trout Hoover et al demonstrated the pattern recognition function of fish pentraxins and potential role in the pathogenesis of furunculosis [45].…”

“…The objective of this study was to induce acute phase response in cod using turpentine intra-muscular injection [15,16] and examine the effects on the level of pentraxins and several other humoral parameters in serum. The effect on the serum cortisol level and on the respiratory burst activity of cod's kidney leucocytes was also examined.…”

Feeding common carp Cyprinus carpio with β-glucan supplemented diet stimulates C-reactive protein and complement immune acute phase responses following PAMPs injection

“…However it should be noted that although the literature on the effects of b-glucan on the CRP acute phase protein profiles is inconsistent [2], the downregulation observed for CRP related genes is in agreement with other studies conducted with immunostimulants. For instance, Liu et al [40] showed that the synthesis of CRP in rainbow trout hepatocytes, head kidney macrophages and spleen lymphocytes significantly decreased after intramuscular injection of turpentine oil used as an acute phase immune response inducer.…”

The acute phase response of cod (Gadus morhua L.): Expression of immune response genes

“…By injecting fish with turpentine, bacterial lipopolysaccharide or other inflammatory agents or, for example, subjecting fish to confinement stressor, APR has been induced in species like plaice, channel catfish and rainbow trout with varying effects on the level of CRP, SAP or other plasma proteins [9,13,14]. For example, turpentine injection resulted in an eighteen fold increase in serum levels of CRP in channel catfish [9] while reduced serum levels of CRP were seen in rainbow trout and both CRP and SAP levels were reduced in plaice [7,15]. Infection also seems to have varied effects on the serum pentraxin level in different fish species [14,16,17].…”