The acute phase response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Humoral and cellular response

Magnadóttir, Bergljót; Audunsdottir, Sigridur S.; Bragason, Birkir Thor; Gísladóttir, Berglind; Jónsson, Zophonı́as O.; Guðmundsdóttir, Sigríður

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.010

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 14 L.), Nile tilapia, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [28][29][30][31][32]. Hormone concentrations could be very different between species.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement

Cao

Tveten

Stene

2017

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Fish welfare is an important issue for growth of the aquaculture industry. Stress responses represent animal's natural reactions to challenging conditions and could be used as a welfare indicator. Cortisol level is relevant to fish welfare condition, and is a readily measured component of the primary stress response system. Generally, cortisol is measured by blood sampling. However, fish blood cortisol level could be instantly influenced by handling-stress at sampling. Fecal corticoid metabolites (FCM) are a mixture of several different metabolites with a wide range of polarities. Thus, feces could be promising alternative less handling-sensitive and non-invasive biological matrices for cortisol evaluation in Atlantic salmon. In this study we developed non-invasive method for determination of fecal corticoid metabolites in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was demonstrated that salmon FCM extracted from salmon feces is insoluble in non-polar solvents like diethyl ether, but well soluble in polar solvents like methanol. The proper extraction ratio could be one ml 100% methanol for 100 μL of the liquid part of salmon feces or 100 mg of the solid part. The FCM directly detected in unextracted liquid part of feces correlated well with the FCM extracted from both liquid and solid part of the corresponding samples, without significant difference. Thus, it is feasible to measure FCM directly in the liquid part of salmon feces without any extraction procedure. Then, we applied this assay for FCM analysis in the group of salmon that experienced salmon pancreas disease (PD) and amoebic gill disease (AGD). We demonstrated 1) both plasma cortisol and FCM increased significantly during the outbreak of inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). Plasma cortisol level was elevated from 28 ± 40 ng/ml to 164.4 ± 62.5 ng/ml, FCM from 14.4 ± 13.2 ng/ml to 170.7 ± 89.7 ng/ml 2) Growth and starvation has no significant impact on either cortisol or FCM level. 3) FCM correlated well with plasma cortisol level (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there seems more individual variation in plasma cortisol levels than in FCM levels. These results suggest FCM could be directly analyzed in liquid part of salmon feces without extraction. This directly detected FCM level could represent the total fecal FCM level and plasma cortisol level. This simple and non-invasive method makes FCM a proper indicator for salmon welfare.

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Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement

Cao

Tveten

Stene

2017

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…More recently, AAT and antithrombin III were identified as major serpins of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) in blood plasma [12]. During the acute phase response, the anti-trypsin activity and AAT-like protein content were all down-regulated in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and rainbow trout [13,14]. However, AAT gene expression following infection in ayu fish has not been well described.…”

Section: A1-antitrypsinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of α1-antitrypsin as a positive acute phase protein in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) associated with Listonella anguillarum infection

Lu¹,

Chen²,

Lü³

et al. 2012

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…Increased acute phase proteins can also occur immediately after infection or injury, involving changes in hepatic, neuro-endocrine and immune systems. The presence of injury (damage in cell membrane, with tissue factors and arachidonic acid metabolites release) or pathogen affect the release of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), that are proteins synthesized by the liver, encephalon or immune cells which act in tissue reparation, homeostasis maintenance and innate and acquired system modulation (Bayne and Gerwick, 2001;Magnadottir et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among lysines, lysozyme lyses peptidoglycan components of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria walls; C-reactive protein binds to phosphorylcholine of the microorganisms walls and may increase its concentration after a heat shock, inflammatory agents, and during warm periods of the year besides promoting the activation of complement and phagocytosis (Murray and Fletcher, 1976;Nakanishi et al, 1991;Yano, 1996;Ellis, 1999Ellis, , 2001Magnadottir, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum bactericidal activity as indicator of innate immunity in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

Biller-Takahashi

Takahashi

Pilarski³

et al. 2013

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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The immune system of teleost fish has mechanisms responsible for the defense against bacteria through protective proteins in several tissues. The protein action can be evaluated by serum bactericidal activity and this is an important tool to analyze the immune system. Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, is one of the most important fish in national aquaculture. However there is a lack of studies on its immune responses. In order to standardize and assess the accuracy of the serum bactericidal activity assay, fish were briefly challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and sampled one week after the challenge. The bacterial infection increased the concentration of protective proteins, resulting in a decrease of colony-forming unit values expressed as well as an enhanced serum bactericidal activity. The protocol showed a reliable assay, appropriate to determine the serum bactericidal activity of pacu in the present experimental conditions.

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The acute phase response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Humoral and cellular response

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement

Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement

Identification of α1-antitrypsin as a positive acute phase protein in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) associated with Listonella anguillarum infection

Serum bactericidal activity as indicator of innate immunity in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

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