“…Primarily, Ti alloys can be classified as α-type Ti alloys (Zhang and Attar, 2016;Chen et al, 2017b;Zheng et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2020b), (α+β)-type Ti alloys (Kang and Yang, 2019;Montiel et al, 2020;Semenova et al, 2020), β-type Ti alloys (Zhang et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2018a;Rabadia et al, 2019b;S. Liu et al, 2020), and Ti-based composites (Zhang and Xu, 2004;Zhang et al, 2006;Lu et al, 2009;Yang et al, 2020a;Yang et al, 2020b). Among the commercial Ti materials, Ti-6Al-4V alloy has received considerable attention owing to good fatigue resistance, strength, and corrosion resistance (Bai et al, 2017;Dai et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2018).…”