Effect of size and shape on the elastic modulus of metal nanowires

Vogl, Lilian; Schweizer, Peter; Richter, Gunther; Spiecker, Erdmann

doi:10.1557/s43580-021-00103-3

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…As a defect, they act as a barrier during the vibration motion and decrease the quality factor. 19 We conclude that the surface quality, including roughness and voids, has the greatest impact on the quality factor. By continuing our basic ideas, we can even think of replacing the relatively expensive material gold by transition metal oxides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Twin grain boundaries in metal nanowires are likely formed during the growth process. As a defect, they act as a barrier during the vibration motion and decrease the quality factor . We conclude that the surface quality, including roughness and voids, has the greatest impact on the quality factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Maximum Amplitude. As described above, the resonance frequency of the nanowire is located at the maximum vibrational amplitude (for one vibrational mode 19 ). The quality factor is independent of the actual amplitude, which depends on the strength of excitation and is a universal parameter to compare different resonance data.…”

Section: Resonance Measurements and Quality Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such metallic nanowires can be produced by physical vapor deposition, 15,16 electrodeposition, 17 or indirect means via a thermally induced conversion mechanism. 18 However, a drawback of nanowires is that their crosssectional shape 19 and therefore their resonance behavior can strongly vary across a batch. Therefore, a precise characterization of the vibrational properties of nanowires is required before they can be used for sensing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a drawback of nanowires is that their cross-sectional shape 19 and therefore their resonance behavior can strongly vary across a batch. Therefore, a precise characterization of the vibrational properties of nanowires is required before they can be used for sensing.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sensing Capabilities of Single Nanowires Studied with Correlative In Situ Light and Electron Microscopy

et al. 2022

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Modern devices based on modular designs require versatile and universal sensor components which provide an efficient, sensitive, and compact measurement unit. To improve the space capacity of devices, miniaturized building elements are needed, which implies a turning away from conventional microcantilevers toward nanoscale cantilevers. Nanowires can be seen as high-quality resonators and offer the opportunity to create sensing devices on small scales. To use such a one-dimensional nanostructure as a resonant cantilever, a precise characterization based on the fundamental properties is needed. We present a correlative electron and light microscopy approach to characterize the pressure and environment sensing capabilities of single nanowires by analyzing their resonance behavior in situ. The high vacuum in electron microscopes enables the characterization of the intrinsic vibrational properties and the maximum quality factor. To analyze the damping effect caused by the interaction of the gas molecules with the excited nanowire, the in situ resonance measurements have been performed under non-high-vacuum conditions. For this purpose, single nanowires are mounted in a specifically designed compact gas chamber underneath the light microscope, which enables direct observation of the resonance behavior and evaluation of the quality factor with dependence of the applied gas atmosphere (He, N 2 , Ar, Air) and pressure level. By using the resonance vibration, we demonstrate the pressure sensing capability of a single nanowire and examine the molar mass of the surrounding atmosphere. Together this shows that even single nanowires can be utilized as versatile nanoscale gas sensors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Resonance Measurements and Quality Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensing Capabilities of Single Nanowires Studied with Correlative In Situ Light and Electron Microscopy

et al. 2022

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Unraveling the Highly Plastic Behavior of ALD‐Aluminum Oxide Encapsulations by Small‐Scale Tensile Testing

Vogl,

Schweizer,

Minor

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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We present a study directly measuring the electron beam induced plasticity of amorphous Al2O3 coatings. Core‐shell nanostructures were employed as small‐scale model systems for 2D coatings made by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Copper nanowires (NWs) are used as substrates for ALD deposition, representing a model system for interconnects commonly found in integrated circuits. Experiments were performed in situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and further analyzed with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Our in situ TEM tensile experiments reveal the highly plastic behavior of the ALD shell, which withstands a maximum strain of 188%. Comparable samples under beam‐off conditions show brittle fracture, which underlines the effect of electron irradiation. The electron‐beam activated bond switching within the amorphous network enables compensation of the applied tensile strain, leading to viscous flow. By incorporating an intermediate nanocrystalline layer within the Al2O3 shell, the plasticity is suppressed and brittle fracture occurs. This work directly demonstrates the tuning of mechanical properties in amorphous ALD structures through electron irradiation.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Optimizing Atomic Layer Deposition Processes with Nanowire‐Assisted TEM Analysis

Schweizer,

Vogl,

Maeder

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Inter

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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is one of the premier methods to synthesize ultra‐thin materials on complex surfaces. The technique allows for precise control of the thickness down to single atomic layers, while at the same time providing uniform coverage even for structures with extreme aspect ratios such as deep trenches or wires. While many materials can be readily deposited using ALD there is still a lot of research going on to make other materials more accessible. When establishing a new process or adapting an existing process to a new reactor, precise optimization of the deposition parameters is necessary. However, characterizing the parameters of deposition rate, uniformity, composition, and structure is a challenging and time‐consuming task. Here a method is presented to optimize these process parameters during ALD deposition using high‐aspect ratio nanowires and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nanowire samples are prepared directly on TEM grids that are put into the ALD reactor during deposition. Within min of the process the coated nanowires can be analyzed by TEM to obtain the thickness of the layers, chemical composition, crystallinity, and conformality of the coating. This allows for a high testing throughput and subsequently a rapid optimization of deposition parameters.

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Effect of size and shape on the elastic modulus of metal nanowires

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Sensing Capabilities of Single Nanowires Studied with Correlative In Situ Light and Electron Microscopy

Sensing Capabilities of Single Nanowires Studied with Correlative In Situ Light and Electron Microscopy

Unraveling the Highly Plastic Behavior of ALD‐Aluminum Oxide Encapsulations by Small‐Scale Tensile Testing

Optimizing Atomic Layer Deposition Processes with Nanowire‐Assisted TEM Analysis

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