Effect of Sampling Rate on Resolution in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Murphy, Robert E.; Schure, and Mark R.; Foley, Joe P.

doi:10.1021/ac971184b

Cited by 434 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(16 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

321

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…-all sample components are subjected to two separations in which their displacement depends on different factors; -any two compounds separated in the first dimension must remain separated in the second dimension (this objective is achieved with at least three or four modulations per peak); -the elution profiles from both dimensions are maintained (Giddings, 1987;Murphy, Schure, & Foley, 1998;Schoenmakers, Marriott, & Beens, 2003).…”

Section: A Modulation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: A review

Mondello

Tranchida

Dugo

et al. 2008

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

379

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC Â GC) has been on the scene for more than 15 years, it is still generally considered a relatively novel technique and is yet far from being fully established. The revolutionary aspect of GC Â GC, with respect to classical multidimensional chromatography, is that the entire sample is subjected to two distinct analytical separations. The resulting enhanced separating capacity makes this approach a prime choice when GC analysts are challenged with highly complex mixtures. The combination of a third mass spectrometric dimension to a GC Â GC system generates the most powerful analytical tool today for volatile and semi-volatile analytes. The present review is focused on the rather brief, but not scant, history of comprehensive two-dimensional GC-MS: the first experiments were carried out at the end of the 1990s and, since then, the methodology has been increasingly studied and applied. Almost all GC Â GC-MS applications have been carried out by using either a time-of-flight or quadrupole mass analyzer; significant experiments relative to a variety of research fields, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the MS systems employed, are discussed. The principles, practical and theoretical aspects, and the most significant developments of GC Â GC are also described. #

show abstract

Section: A Modulation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: A review

Mondello

Tranchida

Dugo

et al. 2008

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

379

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, a short sampling time in the second dimension is prerequisite to obtain high two-dimensional resolution. This means that each separated peak in the first dimension should be split into at least three or four fractions in the second dimension [18][19]. In our experiments, the short modulation time, e.g., 4 s, for the first dimension retention time causes multiple peak entries for one chromatographic peak generated by one metabolite.…”

Section: Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry peak sorting algorithm

Huang

Regnier

et al. 2008

Journal of Chromatography A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We report a novel peak sorting method for the two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) system. The objective of peak sorting is to recognize peaks from the same metabolite occurring in different samples from thousands of peaks detected in the analytical procedure. The developed algorithm is based on the fact that the chromatographic peaks for a given analyte have similar retention times in all of the chromatograms. Raw instrument data are first processed by ChromaTOF (Leco) software to provide the peak tables. Our algorithm achieves peak sorting by utilizing the first and second dimension retention times in the peak tables and the mass spectra generated during the process of electron impact ionization. The algorithm searches the peak tables for the peaks generated by the same type of metabolite using several search criteria. Our software also includes options to eliminate non-target peaks from the sorting results, e.g., peaks of contaminants. The developed software package has been tested using a mixture of standard metabolites and another mixture of standard metabolites spiked into human serum. Manual validation demonstrates high accuracy of peak sorting with this algorithm.

show abstract

“…Murphy and co-workers [111] and Seeley [112] studied the effect of sampling rate on resolution in LC×LC, with both groups coming to the same conclusion that when the first dimension peak is sampled a minimum of three times, the loss in resolution is minimal. In a later study by Horie and co-workers [113], it was shown that the best compromise between sampling rate and second dimension analysis time in on-line LC×LC can be achieved when each first dimension peak is sampled a minimum of two times.…”

Section: Peak Capacity Sampling Frequency and Orthogonalitymentioning

confidence: 99%