Effect of rotifer enrichment with herbal extracts on growth and resistance of red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae against Vibrio anguillarum

Abstract

The e¡ects of the dietary medicinal herbs Massa medicata, Crataegi fructus (Cf), Artemisia capillaries, Cnidium o⁄cinale and their mixture (HM), on growth and resistance againstVibrio anguillarum were examined using larval red sea bream, Pagrus major. The methanol extracts of Cf and HM inhibited the proliferation of seven infectious bacterial strains including the genera Aeromonas, Edwasiella, Photobavterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio. Rotifers enriched with emulsi¢ed bonito oil containing extracts of Cf and HM lowered the bacterial counts in their body on TCBS medium for the genus Vibrio in comparison with rotifers enriched by emulsi¢ed bonito oil alone. Although statistically not signi¢cant, larvae fed rotifer forti¢ed with Cf from 3 to 20 days after hatching showed the best growth and ¢nal body weight followed by those given rotifer with HM and control enrichment. However, ¢nal body length of larvae fed rotifer with Cf was signi¢cantly larger than larvae fed on rotifers enriched with other herb extracts. After a challenge test withV. anguillarum, survival of larvae fed rotifer with Cf and HM was signi¢cantly higher than for the control treatment. These results revealed that Cf and HM in rotifer is useful to promote growth and resistance against V. anguillarum in red sea bream larvae, providing a new technology for mass production of disease-resistant fry and ¢ngerlings.

The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review

“…A mixture of equal proportions of six herbs and plant materials in diets enhanced or impaired enzyme activity (Lin et al, 2006). A diet of rotifer enriched with a herbal mixture of Massa medicata, Crataegi fructus, Artemisia capillaries, and Cnidium officinale promoted growth and resistance against Vibrio anguillarum in red sea bream (Pagrus major) larvae (Takaoka et al, 2011). The plant mixture basil flowers and commercial antiviral plants (VPH®, HSV®, Amazonas Herbs Distrito Federal, Mexico) provided protection for whiteleg prawns (Litopenaeus vannamei) against WSSV (Peraza-Gómez et al, 2009.…”

“…The extract processes are simple . The extraction can be done with acetone (Punitha et al, 2008), benzene (Balasubramanian et al, 2008;Punitha et al, 2008), butanol (Praseetha, 2005;Punitha et al, 2008), ethanol (Adigüzel et al, 2005;Harikrishnan et al, 2011c;Hwang et al, 2013;Sudhakaran et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2011), ethyl acetate (Abutbul et al, 2004), methanol (Adigüzel et al, 2005;Balasubramanian et al, 2007;Citarasu et al, 2003), hexane (Adigüzel et al, 2005), petroleum ether (Balasubramanian et al, 2007;Punitha et al, 2008;Sudhakaran et al, 2006), diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate (Balasubramanian et al, 2007), or even boiling in hot water (Immanuel et al, 2010), boiling in water and then fermented by yeasts (Takaoka et al, 2011).…”

“…Common parts can be used viz. fruit (Massa medicate) (Takaoka et al, 2011), fruit (Piper guineese) and seed (Xylopia aethiopica) (Okeke et al, 2001), leaves Micol et al, 2005;Sudhakaran et al, 2006), roots (Wang et al, 2011), seeds (Kirubakaran et al, 2010;Sivaram et al, 2004), flowers (PerazaGómez et al, 2011), or powders, which can be purchased from markets (Kim et al, 1999;Radhakrishnan et al, 2014;Sahu et al, 2008). Some herbs used in aquaculture are in the form of extract compounds such as Astragalus radix (from Astragalus membranaceus) and Scutellaria radix (from Scutellaria baicalensis) (Yin et al, 2006), and anthraquinone extract (from Rheum officinale Bail) (Liu et al, 2010) are commonly used in aquaculture because of their ability to enhance fish immune systems.…”

“…using medicinal plants that has attracted a lot of attention globally, and has become the subject of active scientific investigation in many countries such as Egypt (Abdel-Tawwab, 2012;Abdel-Tawwab et al, 2010;Ahmad and Abdel-Tawwab, 2011;Aly and Mohamed, 2010;Goda, 2008;Mehrim and Salem, 2013), Japan (Takaoka et al, 2011), India (Dey and Chandra, 1995;Sivaram et al, 2004), Indonesia (Caruso et al, 2013), Iran (Mousavi et al, 2011), Korea (Harikrishnan et al, 2010a(Harikrishnan et al, , 2011c, Mexico (Auro de Ocampo and Jimenez, 1993), Nigeria (Okeke et al, 2001) and Thailand (Direkbusarakom et al, 1996a,b), because they are cheap and easy to prepare, and are effective with fewer side effects during the treatment of diseases Wu, 2003, 2004) and without any environmental and hazardous problems (Citarasu, 2010). Medicinal plants include herbs, spices, seaweeds, herbal extracted compounds, traditional Chinese medicines, and commercial plant-derived products.…”

Limonia Acidissima L. (Wood Apple) as Feed Additive Enhanced Growth Performance, Immune Response and Disease Resistance of Indian Major Carp, Catla Catla (Ham.) Against Aeromonas Hydrophila Infection

“…Besides, it has been demonstrated that factors such as species, age, size and stress determine the appropriate usage of plant dietary supplements 50 . Further several herbal supplements are reported to stimulate appetite and enhance weight gain when they are incorporated to cultured fish [51][52][53] . It is hypothesized that higher dosage of herbal diet supplements has resulted in stimulation of enzyme inhibitors, as most plants contain inhibitors to protect their major components from accidental degradation 54 .…”