The effects of dietary medicinal herbs on growth and some non-specific immunity were investigated in juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. The fish (mean body weight 24.0 Ϯ 0.2 g) were fed fishmeal diets supplemented with either Massa medicata (Mm), Crataegi fructus (Cf), Artemisia capillaries (Ac), Cnidium officinale (Co), or a mixture of all the herbs (HM), and a control diet without medicinal herbs, for 12 weeks. Survival, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, condition factor and hemoglobin levels were higher in fish given herbal diets than fish given the control diet without herbs. Significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and lysozyme activity were detected in HM and Co diet groups, and alternative complement pathway activity was detected in the HM diet group. However, significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were obtained in all herbal diet groups compared with the control diet group. Pathogen challenge test by intraperitoneal injection of Vibrio anguillarum indicated that highest survival was obtained in the HM diet group followed by Ac, Co, Cf, and Mm diet groups. The lowest survival was obtained in the control group. These results reveal that medicinal herbs in diets enhance growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream.KEY WORDS: growth performance, medicinal herbs, non-specific immunity, red sea bream.
Six similar strains which were isolated as pathogens of cultured kuruma prawns (Penueus jupunicus) in Japan had characteristics of the genus Vibriu. These organisms were distinguished from previously described Vibrb species by their positive results in tests for gelatinase and lipase activities and their negative reactions in tests for arginine dihydrolase and lysine and ornithine decarboxylase activities, growth in the presence of 6% NaCl and at 35"C, acid production from sucrose, utilization of D-glucuronate and propionate, and luminescence. The G+C contents of the DNAs of these organisms were 46.2 to 47.0 mol%. The levels of DNA relatedness among these six strains were 87 to 99% (as determined by the membrane filter method), while the levels of DNA relatedness between prawn pathogen strain KH-lT (T = type strain) and members of 28 previously described Vibrio species were less than 18%. The name Vibrio pemeicidu sp. nov. is proposed for the prawn-pathogenic strains. The type strain is strain KH-1 (= IF0 15640 = JCM 9123).Penaeus japonicus (kuruma prawns) is one of the most valuable cultured aquatic animal species in Japan. Vibriosis in cultured kuruma prawns has been observed since 1980, and there have been considerable losses in the prawn industry (28). The prawns affected are characterized by the formation of brown spots (nodules) in the lymphoid organs and gills. The causative bacterium was first isolated by Takahashi et al. in 1982 (29) from diseased prawns in Yamaguchi and Kumamoto Prefectures and was classified as a member of the genus Vibrio, but the strains isolated by Takahashi et al. have been lost. Later, we isolated the pathogen which causes vibriosis of kuruma prawns in specimens from various districts in Japan. The pathogen, which we isolated, tentatively designated Mbrio species PJ (ll), was studied to determine its morphological, biochemical, pathological and serological characteristics (12), and we believe that this organism is the same species described by Takahashi et al. (29). The pathogen was also isolated from apparently healthy prawns and water samples obtained from prawn culture ponds (11). In this study we determined the taxonomic position of the prawn pathogen. Below we propose the name Vzbriopenaeicida sp. nov. for this organism. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. The six V. penueicidu strains listed in Table 1 were isolated from kuruma prawns obtained in prefectures of western Japan. These strains were isolated and subcultured on ZoBell's 2216e agar plates (1) at 25°C and were maintained in semisolid ZoBell's 2216e medium containing 0.5% agar at 20°C; they were subcultured every 6 months. Untreated aged seawater obtained from the Inland Sea of Japan was used to prepare ZoBell's 2216e medium.The reference strains used in DNA hybridization experiments are listed in Table 1. Ebrio cholerue HUFP 5004 (= NIH 35A3) is not the type strain of V. cholerue but was found to be closely related (level of similarity, 98%) to type strain ATCC 14035 by DNA-DNA hybridization (7).Morphological...
Seven similar strains which were pathogens of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae with opaque intestines had characteristics of the genus Vibrio. These strains were divided into two genomic species (species 1 containing six strains, and species 2 containing one strain) on the basis of the results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments in which the membrane filter method was used, and these two species could be differentiated from each other by the following characteristics: acid production from D-galactose and utilization of D-glucuronate and P-hydroxybutyrate. Strain F-2, the type strain of species 1, exhibited levels of DNA relatedness with 29 previously described Vibrio species of 5 to 18%. The flounder isolates belonging to species 1 were also differentiated from the previously described Vibrio species phenotypically by the following characteristics: they were nitrate reduction positive; each cell had a single polar flagellum; they did not produce arginine dihydrolase, chitinase, gelatinase, and lipase; they did not utilize D-cellobiose and citrate; and they did not grow at 35°C. The G+C contents of the DNAs of four species 1 strains were 43 to 44 mol%. The name Vibrio ichthyoenteri sp. nov. is proposed for genomic species 1. The type strain of K ichthyoenteri is strain F-2 (= IF0 15847). Species 2 was also considered a new genomic species, but a species name is not proposed in this paper because only one strain is available and the phenotypic variability of the species is not known.Since 1971, a bacterial disease characterized by opaque intestines or intestinal necrosis and high rates of mortality has occurred often in larval Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) reared at marine hatcheries in Japan (13). 0. Murata (12) isolated the causative agent of the disease, a vibrio, from affected flounder larvae between 1971 and 1973 in Wakayama Prefecture, but the strains isolated by Murata have been lost. Between 1986 and 1988 we isolated the causative agent of the disease mainly in Hiroshima Prefecture. On the basis of its morphological, biochemical, physiological, pathological, and serological characteristics, this flounder pathogen, which was tentatively designated Vibrio species INFL (intestinal necrosis of flounder larvae), was thought to be a new species (11). The disease caused by Wbrio species INFL is a very unusual fish disease because a local (intestinal) infection develops only in larval fish (14). In this study we determined the taxonomic position of this flounder pathogen and propose the name Vibrio ichthyoenteri sp. nov. for it. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. The strains which we used are listed in Table 1. The seven strains belonging to the INFL group were isolated from the guts of diseased Japanese flounder larvae reared in prefectures in western Japan. These strains were isolated and subcultured on ZoBell 2216e agar plates (1) at 25°C and were maintained in semisolid ZoBell 2216e medium containing 0.55% agar at 20°C: they were subcultured every 6 months. Aged and filtered...
An unidentified Streptomyces, tentatively designated as Strain H 1051-MY 10, was proved to produce viomycin and two new antibiotics. The new antibiotics were extracted from the cultured mycelia with acetone and transferred to ethyl acetate after acetone was removed in vacuo. The extracted antibiotics were separated into two components by alumina column chromatography and named carbazomycins A and B, because both antibiotics were proved to contain a carbazole nucleus. The molecular formulae of carbazomycins A and B were determined to be C16H17NO2 and C15H15NO2, respectively. Further, carbazomycin B was methylated with diazomethane to give carbazomycin A. Carbazomycins inhibited the growth of phytophathogenic fungi and further showed weak antibacterial and antiyeast activities. THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS JULY
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