Effect of Residual Chlorine on Copper Pipes in Drinking Water Systems

García-Ávila, Fernando; Pino, Lisveth Flores del; Bonifaz-Barba, G.; Zhindón-Arévalo, César; Fernández, Lía Ramos; García-Altamirano, D.; Alvarracín, C. Sánchez-

doi:10.25103/jestr.122.17

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…L. pneumophila has shown resistance to high levels of chlorine by the formation of biofilms [ 43 ], and pipes corrosion can be expected when the disinfectant is dosed in a water distribution system. In particular, high levels of residual chlorine are responsible for copper and iron pipes corrosion, while lead may not experience increased corrosion [ 44 , 45 ]. Maintaining the pH of the chlorinated water above 8 may counteract the corrosive effect of chlorine on copper and iron.…”

Section: Disinfection Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

et al. 2021

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Legionella is able to remain in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to the pipes. It is also able to enter amoebas or to switch into a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state, which contributes to its resistance to harsh conditions and hinders its detection in water. Factors regulating Legionella growth, such as environmental conditions, type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, presence of protozoa, spatial location of microorganisms, metal plumbing components, and associated corrosion products are important for Legionella survival and growth. Finally, water treatment and distribution conditions may affect each of these factors. A deeper comprehension of Legionella interactions in water distribution systems with the environmental conditions is needed for better control of the colonization. To this purpose, the implementation of water management plans is the main prevention measure against Legionella. A water management program requires coordination among building managers, health care providers, and Public Health professionals. The review reports a comprehensive view of the state of the art and the promising perspectives of both monitoring and disinfection methods against Legionella in water, focusing on the main current challenges concerning the Public Health sector.

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Section: Disinfection Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

et al. 2021

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“…Too high a chlorine level can lead to consumer complaints and pipe network corrosion. On the other hand, even a lower amount of Cl 2 causes the formation of disinfection by-products [ 10 , 11 ]. Reactions that lead to the decrease in chlorine concentration occur in the liquid phase and at the liquid-solid interface between the water and the internal walls of the pipeline [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of residual chlorine in a drinking water network in times of pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

García-Ávila

Avilés-Añazco

Ordoñez-Jara

et al. 2021

Sustain Environ Res

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Due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease there is a need for public water supply of the highest quality. Adequate levels of chlorine allow immediate elimination of harmful bacteria and viruses and provide a protective residual throughout the drinking water distribution network (DWDN). Therefore, a residual chlorine decay model was developed to predict chlorine levels in a real drinking water distribution network. The model allowed determining human exposure to drinking water with a deficit of residual chlorine, considering that it is currently necessary for the population to have clean water to combat coronavirus Covid 19. The chlorine bulk decay rates (kb) and the reaction constant of chlorine with the pipe wall (kw) were experimentally determined. Average kb and kw values of 3.7 d− 1 and 0.066 m d− 1 were obtained, respectively. The values of kb and kw were used in EPANET to simulate the chlorine concentrations in a DWDN. The residual chlorine concentrations simulated by the properly calibrated and validated model were notably close to the actual concentrations measured at different points of the DWDN. The results showed that maintaining a chlorine concentration of 0.87 mg L− 1 in the distribution tank, the residual chlorine values in the nodes complied with the Ecuadorian standard (0.3 mg L− 1); meanwhile, about 45% of the nodes did not comply with what is recommended by the WHO as a mechanism to combat the current pandemic (0.5 mg L− 1). This study demonstrated that residual chlorine modeling is a valuable tool for monitoring water quality in the distribution network, allowing to control residual chlorine levels in this pandemic season.

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“…The disinfectants that are applied to the surfaces will reach the water bodies because the water transports them [ 85 ]. Chemical contamination moves in conjunction with the water cycle, it rains, falls again, is carried by the rain, etc.…”

Section: Impact Of Ecosystems By the Use Of Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community

García-Ávila

Valdiviezo-Gonzáles

Cadme-Galabay

et al. 2020

Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering

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This review goal is to reflect on the challenges and prospects for water quality in the face of the pandemic caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19). Based on the information available so far, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater has raised interest in using it as an early warning method, to detect the resurgence of infections and to report the risk associated with contracting SARS-CoV-2 in contact with untreated water or inadequately treated wastewater is discharged. The wastewater-based epidemiological approach can be used as an early indicator of infection within a specific population. On the other hand, it is necessary to collect information from the managers of drinking water supply companies and professionals who are related to water quality, to know SARS-CoV-2 data and information, and its influence on drinking water quality. The basic purpose of this review article is to try to provide a valuable and quick reference guide to COVID-19. Important topics were discussed, such as detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in various parts of the world; wastewater screening to monitor COVID-19; persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic systems; the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in drinking water; clean water as a mechanism to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic; chlorine as a disinfectant to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and damage to ecosystems by the use of chlorine. Currently does not exist extensive literature on the effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment processes that ensure the correct elimination of SARS-CoV-2. Excessive use of disinfectants such as chlorine is causing effects on the environment. This document highlights the need for further research to establish the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in aquatic systems. This study presents an early overview of the observed and potential impacts of COVID-19 on the environment.

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Effect of Residual Chlorine on Copper Pipes in Drinking Water Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 52 publications

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

Modeling of residual chlorine in a drinking water network in times of pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community

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