Effect of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise on the Concentration of Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Glycogen in Muscle of Man

Fröberg, Sven O.; Mossfeldt, Folke

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb04955.x

Cited by 90 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This confirms conclusions from stable isotope studies reporting that ϳ50% of total fat oxidation is accounted for by plasma FFA oxidation, suggesting that other substrate sources like IMTG play a substantial role in energy provision during exercise (22,38,45,55). However, as noted in the introduction, the importance of IMTG stores as a substrate source has been disputed as some (4,11,13,17,20,25,42,56), but certainly not all, studies (3,21,30,31,44,49,50,58) using the biochemical triglyceride extraction method on muscle samples collected before and after exercise have been able to show a significant decline in IMTG content after prolonged endurance exercise. The apparent controversy, elegantly described by Watt et al (57), can be explained partly by the marked between-biopsy variability (ϳ24%) that has been reported when this technique (58) is used.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males

Loon¹,

Schrauwen‐Hinderling²,

Koopman³

et al. 2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) are assumed to form an important substrate source during prolonged endurance exercise in trained males. This study investigated the effects of endurance exercise and recovery diet on IMTG content in vastus lateralis muscle. Nine male cyclists were provided with a standardized diet for 3 days, after which they performed a 3-h exercise trial at a 55% maximum workload. Before and immediately after exercise and after 24 and 48 h of recovery, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was performed to quantitate IMTG content. Muscle biopsies were taken after 48 h of recovery to determine IMTG content by using quantitative fluorescence microscopy. The entire procedure was performed two times; in one trial, a normal diet containing 39% energy (En%) as fat was provided (NF) and in the other a typical carbohydrate-rich athlete's diet (LF: 24 En% fat) was provided. During exercise, IMTG content decreased by 21.4 ± 3.1%. During recovery, IMTG content increased significantly in the NF trial only, reaching preexercise levels within 48 h. In accord with MRS, fluorescence microscopy showed significantly higher IMTG content in the NF compared with the LF trial, with differences restricted to the type I muscle fibers (2.1 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2% area lipid staining, respectively). In conclusion, IMTG content in the vastus lateralis muscle declines significantly during prolonged endurance exercise in male cyclists. When a normal diet is used, IMTG contents are subsequently repleted within 48 h of postexercise recovery. In contrast, IMTG repletion is impaired substantially when a typical, carbohydrate-rich athlete's diet is used. Data obtained by quantitative fluorescence microscopy correspond well with MRS results, implying that both are valid methods to quantify IMTG content.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males

Loon¹,

Schrauwen‐Hinderling²,

Koopman³

et al. 2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…Early isotope studies showed that not all of the fat oxidation during exercise could be accounted for by plasma free fatty acid oxidation (18), leading to the suggestion that, besides circulating lipoproteins (14), also lipids stored inside muscle cells as well as between muscle cells (21) could serve as a fuel during exercise. However, studies using biochemical assay showed that exercise did not decrease IMCL content in males (15, 21, 37) unless it was extremely prolonged and strenuous (13,27). More recent data generated by IMCL-ORO or IMCL-MRS showing substantial IMCL degradation during exercise have lead to a consensus that there is indeed net IMCL breakdown during endurance exercise (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of intramyocellular lipid breakdown during exercise by biochemical assay, NMR spectroscopy, and Oil Red O staining

Bock¹,

Dresselaers²,

Kiens³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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The study compared the net decline of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) during exercise (n ϭ 18) measured by biochemical assay (BIO) and Oil Red O (ORO) staining on biopsy samples from vastus lateralis muscle and by 1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) sampled in an 11 ϫ 11 ϫ 18-mm 3 voxel in the same muscle. IMCL was measured before and after a 2-h cycling bout (ϳ75% V O2 peak). ORO and MRS measurements showed substantial IMCL use during exercise of 31 Ϯ 12 and 47 Ϯ 6% of preexercise IMCL content. In contrast, use of BIO for IMCL determination did not reveal an exercise-induced breakdown of IMCL (2 Ϯ 9%, P ϭ 0.29) in young healthy males. Correlations between different measures of exercise-induced IMCL degradation were low. Coefficients were 0.48 for MRS vs. ORO (P ϭ 0.07) and were even lower for BIO vs. MRS (r ϭ 0.38, P ϭ 0.13) or ORO (r ϭ 0.08, P ϭ 0.78). This study demonstrates that different methods to measure IMCL in human muscles can result in different conclusions with regard to exercise-induced IMCL changes. MRS has the advantage that it is noninvasive, however, not fiber type specific and hampered by an at least 30-min delay in measurements after exercise completion and may overestimate IMCL use. BIO is the only quantitative method but is subject to variation when biopsies have different fiber type composition. However, BIO yields lower IMCL breakdown compared with ORO and MRS. ORO has the major advantage that it is fiber type specific, and it therefore provides information that is not available with the other methods. human muscle; exercise; nuclear magnetic resonance INTEREST IN METABOLISM of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) has increased over recent years. The role of IMCL in the disruption of intracellular fat homeostasis, which can lead to insulin resistance (2, 33, 36), has become an issue of primary interest. Furthermore, the role of IMCL as a substrate in endurance exercise has been reevaluated (for reviews see Refs. 20,40,45).Most studies that have looked at IMCL breakdown during exercise have applied chemical extraction methods (12) on muscle samples. Triacylglycerol concentration is then measured as the amount of glycerol released by the action of a saturating concentration of lipase in the reaction mixture. Oil Red O (ORO) staining of muscle cross sections, combined with immunofluorescence microscopy, has recently become a popular method to determine muscle fiber type-specific IMCL content (25). This method allows for simultaneous visualization of IMCL and identification of muscle fiber type in muscle cross sections.1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) offers a noninvasive approach to quantify IMCL (4).

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“…The total content of phospholipids has repeatedly been shown to be stable during exercise (3,4,14,30). So far, there are no reports on the effect of exercise on the content of individual phospholipids in the muscles.…”

Section: Prolonged Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramides and sphingomyelins in skeletal muscles of the rat: content and composition. Effect of prolonged exercise

Dobrzyń

Górski

2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

115

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Dobrzyń , Agnieszka, and Jan Gó rski. Ceramides and sphingomyelins in skeletal muscles of the rat: content and composition. Effect of prolonged exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E277-E285, 2002; 10.1152/ajpendo. 00151.2001.-The sphingomyelin-signaling pathway has been described in many tissues. Ceramide is the main second messenger in this pathway. Ceramide has also been shown to be present in skeletal muscles; however, there are few data on the regulation of the content of ceramide in muscle tissue. Moreover, there are no data on the content of particular ceramides or their composition in the muscles. The aim of the present study was to examine the content and composition of fatty acids (FA) in ceramide and sphingomyelin moieties and the activity of neutral Mg 2ϩ -dependent sphingomyelinase in different skeletal muscle types of the rat at rest and after exhausting exercise of moderate intensity. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats, divided into two groups: 1) control and 2) exercised until exhaustion on a treadmill. Soleus and red and white gastrocnemius muscles were taken. Ceramide and sphingomyelin were separated by TLC. The content of individual FA in the two compounds was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Twelve different ceramides and sphingomyelins were identified and quantified in each muscle type according to the FA residues. Saturated FA consisted of 68, 67, and 66% of total ceramide-FA and 75, 77, and 78% of total sphingomyelin-FA in soleus and red and white gastrocnemius, respectively. The total content of ceramide-and sphingomyelin-FA and the activity of sphingomyelinase were highest in the soleus and lowest in the white gastrocnemius. Exercise resulted in a reduction in the total content of ceramide-and sphingomyelin-FA in each muscle. This was accounted for mostly by a reduction in content in the amount of saturated FA. Exercise reduced the activity of neutral Mg 2ϩ -dependent sphingomyelinase in the soleus and red gastrocnemius and did not affect its activity in the white gastrocnemius. We conclude that the sphingomyelin-signaling pathway is present in skeletal muscles and that it is influenced by prolonged exercise.

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Effect of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise on the Concentration of Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Glycogen in Muscle of Man

Cited by 90 publications

References 16 publications

Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males

Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males

Evaluation of intramyocellular lipid breakdown during exercise by biochemical assay, NMR spectroscopy, and Oil Red O staining

Ceramides and sphingomyelins in skeletal muscles of the rat: content and composition. Effect of prolonged exercise

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