Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males

Loon, Luc J. C. van; Schrauwen‐Hinderling, Vera B.; Koopman, René; Wagenmakers, Anton J. M.; Hesselink, Matthijs K. C.; Schaart, Gert; Kooi, M. Eline; Saris, Wim H. M.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00112.2003

Cited by 64 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…by guest, on May 12, 2018 www.jlr.org Downloaded from sus type II fi bers from vastus lateralis ( 21,22,24,25 ). Thus, the greater lipid content of ODS (but not ODR) compared with L muscle is generally consistent with the higher proportion of type I fi bers in ODS muscle.…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Contributing To Greater Oxidative Fi Bementioning

confidence: 75%

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Distinct skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and gene expression in diet-sensitive versus diet-resistant obesity

Gerrits

Ghosh

Kavaslar

et al. 2010

Journal of Lipid Research

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Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions in developed countries and represents a signifi cant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer ( 1 ). Enrolment in clinical and nonclinical obesity treatment programs is unprecedented. Success in obesity treatment programs is highly variable, related in part to compliance and program characteristics (e.g., type and duration of hypocaloric diets, educational components, and/or exercise-associated energy expenditure). While it is generally well accepted that there is substantial inter-individual variability in the susceptibility to weight gain in response to overfeeding ( 2, 3 ), less well understood is the impact of biological factors on weight loss success. However, studies of monozygotic twins have shown greater inter-pair than intra-pair variation in weight loss ( 4 ), consistent with the idea that there are important genetic determinants of weight loss success. We have studied the molecular and cellular determinants of variable weight loss in highly compliant subjects in an intensively supervised and interactive hypocaloric clinical obesity treatment program at the Ottawa Hospital. We previously reported differences in muscle mitochondrial energy ineffi ciencies between program participants exhibiting high versus low weight loss success ( 5 ). Here, we extend these fi ndings by demonstrating distinct differences in skeletal muscle gene expression profi les and in structural and metabolic characteristics between individuals who Abstract Inter-individual variability in weight gain and loss under energy surfeit and defi cit conditions, respectively, are well recognized but poorly understood phenomena. We documented weight loss variability in an intensively supervised clinical weight loss program and assessed skeletal muscle gene expression and phenotypic characteristics related to variable response to a 900 kcal regimen. Matched pairs of healthy, diet-compliant, obese diet-sensitive (ODS) and dietresistant (ODR) subjects were defi ned as those in the highest and lowest quintiles for weight loss rate. Physical activity energy expenditure was minimal and comparable. Following program completion and weight stabilization, skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained. Gene expression analysis of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis indicated upregulation of genes and gene sets involved in oxidative phosphorylation and glucose and fatty acid metabolism in ODS compared with ODR. In vastus lateralis , there was a higher proportion of oxidative (type I) fi bers in ODS compared with ODR women and lean controls, fi ber hypertrophy in ODS compared with ODR women and lean controls, and lower succinate dehydrogenase in oxidative and oxidative-glycolytic fi bers in all obese compared with lean subjects. Intramuscular lipid content was generally higher in obese versus lean, and specifi cally higher in ODS vs. lean women. Altogether, our fi ndings demonstrate differences in muscle gene expression and fi ber composition related to clinical weight loss success. Abbreviations: B...

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Section: Potential Mechanisms Contributing To Greater Oxidative Fi Bementioning

confidence: 75%

“…Greater levels of intramuscular lipid have been reported in obese compared with lean subjects (21)(22)(23), as well as in type I versus type II fi bers from vastus lateralis ( 21,22,24,25 ). It was therefore of interest to determine intramuscular lipid content in ODS, ODR, and L muscle ex vivo.…”

Section: Higher Intramuscular Neutral Lipid Content In Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and gene expression in diet-sensitive versus diet-resistant obesity

Gerrits

Ghosh

Kavaslar

et al. 2010

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…Boesch et al (2) revealed a decrease of IMCL in one subject performing a mountain bike ride over 3 h at about 70% of VO 2max , for the first time using 1 H-MRS to demonstrate that IMCL are metabolized during this form of exercise. In the following years, numerous reports on reduced IMCL levels during exercise were published and reviewed (17,20,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49). It became obvious that both exercise duration and intensity are important factors in determining the reduction of IMCL (39).…”

Section: Various Other Influences Upon Imcl Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism

et al. 2006

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1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) became particularly important when it was recognized that IMCL levels are related to insulin sensitivity. While this relation is rather complex and depends on the training status of the subjects, various other influences such as exercise and diet also influence IMCL concentrations. This may open insight into many metabolic interactions; however, it also requires careful planning of studies in order to control all these confounding influences. This review summarizes various historical, methodological, and practical aspects of 1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of muscular lipids. That includes a differentiation of bulk magnetic susceptibility effects and residual dipolar coupling that can both be observed in MRS of skeletal muscle, yet affecting different metabolites in a specific way. Fitting of the intra-(IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) signals with complex line shapes and the transformation into absolute concentrations is discussed. Since the determination of IMCL in muscle groups with oblique fiber orientation or in obese subjects is still difficult, potential improvement with high-resolution spectroscopic imaging or at higher field strength is considered. Fat selective imaging is presented as a possible alternative to MRS and the potential of multinuclear MRS is discussed. 1 H-MRS of muscle lipids allows non-invasive and repeated studies of muscle metabolism that lead to highly relevant findings in clinics and patho-physiology.

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“…Since that time, however, and in spite of methodological problems of undertaking measurements of this substrate (Watt et al, 2002), there has been an increased interest in the utilization of intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) stores during exercise and their replacement during recovery. There is now consensus that IMTGs provide a potentially important energy source for the contracting muscle (Watt et al, 2002), and emerging evidence that the consumption of a high carbohydrate/low fat diet in the recovery period after prolonged exercise may fail to provide for efficient recovery of this substrate (Decombaz et al, 2001;van Loon et al, 2003). Furthermore, one of the studies reviewed in the previous section identified that a moderate carbohydrate diet allowed a two-fold increase in IMTG stores compared with a high carbohydrate diet (Vogt et al, 2003).…”

Section: Fat As a Muscle Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

Burke

Kiens

Ivy

2004

Journal of Sports Sciences

306

147

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An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is 58 h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24 h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.

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Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males

Cited by 64 publications

References 55 publications

Distinct skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and gene expression in diet-sensitive versus diet-resistant obesity

Distinct skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and gene expression in diet-sensitive versus diet-resistant obesity

Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

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