Effect of processing method on platycodin D content in Platycodon grandiflorum roots

Kwon, Jae‐Young; Lee, Hyaemin; Kim, Nahyun; Lee, Je Hyun; Woo, Mi Hee; Kim, Jinwoong; Kim, Yeong Shik; Lee, Dong‐Ho

doi:10.1007/s12272-017-0946-6

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The cytotoxic effects of the heterocyclic saponin have been demonstrated in the human ECA-109 cell line. However, only a small amount of the heterocyclic saponin was isolated from the roots of P. grandiflorus 21,22 ; thus a better extraction method is needed to isolate a sufficient amount of this chemical for clinical use. The CYP72A154 subfamily was also specifically expanded in P. grandiflorus (Fig.…”

Section: Evolution Of the P Grandiflorus Genome In The Asterid Lineagementioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses provide insights into the evolution of platycoside biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus, a medicinal plant

Kim

Kang²,

Park

et al. 2020

Hortic Res

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Triterpenoid saponins (TSs) are common plant defense phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical properties. Platycodon grandiflorus (Campanulaceae) has been traditionally used to treat bronchitis and asthma in East Asia. The oleanane-type TSs, platycosides, are a major component of the P. grandiflorus root extract. Recent studies show that platycosides exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer, antiviral, and antiallergy properties. However, the evolutionary history of platycoside biosynthesis genes remains unknown. In this study, we sequenced the genome of P. grandiflorus and investigated the genes involved in platycoside biosynthesis. The draft genome of P. grandiflorus is 680.1 Mb long and contains 40,017 protein-coding genes. Genomic analysis revealed that the CYP716 family genes play a major role in platycoside oxidation. The CYP716 gene family of P. grandiflorus was much larger than that of other Asterid species. Orthologous gene annotation also revealed the expansion of β-amyrin synthases (bASs) in P. grandiflorus, which was confirmed by tissue-specific gene expression. In these expanded gene families, we identified key genes showing preferential expression in roots and association with platycoside biosynthesis. In addition, wholegenome bisulfite sequencing showed that CYP716 and bAS genes are hypomethylated in P. grandiflorus, suggesting that epigenetic modification of these two gene families affects platycoside biosynthesis. Thus whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome data of P. grandiflorus provide novel insights into the regulation of platycoside biosynthesis by CYP716 and bAS gene families.

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Section: Evolution Of the P Grandiflorus Genome In The Asterid Lineagementioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses provide insights into the evolution of platycoside biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus, a medicinal plant

Kim

Kang²,

Park

et al. 2020

Hortic Res

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“…1 Platycodin D (PLD) is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. 4 It has been demonstrated that it possess antitumor, 5 antioxidant, 6 anti-inflammatory 7 , and antiobesity properties. 8 A previous study has proven that another triterpenoid saponin, arjunolic acid, has the ability to protect neurons from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced injuryassociated damage by virtue of its antioxidant potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platycodin D protects cortical neurons against oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reperfusion in neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy

Wang

Guo

Wang

2019

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is one of the leading causes of death in infants. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress and apoptosis are major contributors to hypoxic-ischemic injury and can be used as particularly promising therapeutic targets. Platycodin D (PLD) is a triterpenoid saponin that exhibits antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PLD on hypoxic-ischemic injury in primary cortical neurons. We found that oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) induced inhibition of cell viability and cytotoxicity, which were attenuated by PLD treatment. PLD treatment inhibited oxidative stress induced by OGD/R, which was evidenced by the reduced level of reactive oxygen species and increased activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Histone-DNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that apoptosis was significantly decreased after PLD treatment in OGD/Rtreated cortical neurons. The increased bax expression and decreased bcl-2 expression induced by OGD/R were reversed by PLD treatment. Furthermore, PLD treatment caused the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in OGD/ R-stimulated cortical neurons. Suppression of this pathway blocked the protective effects of PLD on OGD/R-induced cell injury. These findings suggested that PLD executes its protective effects on OGD/R-induced cell injury via regulating the PI3K/ Akt/mTOR pathway in cortical neurons. K E Y W O R D S apoptosis, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, oxidative stress, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, platycodin D | INTRODUCTIONNeonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the leading causes of death in infants, which is caused by hypoxic-ischemic injury to the developing brain during the perinatal period. 1 Neonatal HIE usually results in cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and motor-cognitive deficits in later life. 2 To date, clinical therapy for neonatal HIE is limited; hypothermia is an advanced treatment that can improve motor outcomes. 2,3 However, the hypothermia therapy is only effective in 40% to 50% of patients and infants may still have obvious cognitive or communication problems. 2 The infants who experience HIE will require significant medical input throughout life, which may result in damage to their quality of life and heavy financial burden to the family. 2 Therefore, it is

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“…Platycodon grandiflorus is a common natural medicinal plant with a history of thousands of years that contains a wide variety of more than 80 chemical components, including saponins, alkynes, lipids, and flavonoids ( Wang et al, 2017 ; Huang et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). Modern pharmacological studies indicated that PD is one of the main active saponins of P. grandiflorus with broad bioactivities ( Kwon et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2017 ; Cho et al, 2018 ). The Chinese Pharmacopoeia also used PD content as the standard to measure the qualification of medicinal materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a β-Glucosidase Gene to Produce Platycodin D in Platycodon grandiflorus

Meng

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Platycodin D (PD) is a deglycosylated triterpene saponin with much higher pharmacological activity than glycosylated platycoside E (PE). Extensive studies in vitro showed that the transformation of platycoside E to platycodin D can be achieved using β-glucosidase extracted from several bacteria. However, whether similar enzymes in Platycodon grandiflorus could convert platycoside E to platycodin D, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying the deglycosylation process of platycodon E, remain unclear. Here, we identified a β-glucosidase in P. grandiflorus from our previous RNA-seq analysis, with a full-length cDNA of 1,488 bp encoding 495 amino acids. Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses showed that β-glucosidases in P. grandiflorus have high homology with other plant β-glucosidases. Subcellular localization showed that there is no subcellular preference for its encoding gene. β-glucosidase was successfully expressed as 6 × His-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Western blot analysis yielded a recombinant protein of approximately 68 kDa. In vitro enzymatic reactions determined that β-glucosidase was functional and could convert PE to PD. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression level of β-glucosidase was higher at night than during the day, with the highest expression level between 9:00 and 12:00 at night. Analysis of the promoter sequence showed many light-responsive cis-acting elements, suggesting that the light might regulate the gene. The results will contribute to the further study of the biosynthesis and metabolism regulation of triterpenoid saponins in P. grandiflorus.

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Effect of processing method on platycodin D content in Platycodon grandiflorum roots

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses provide insights into the evolution of platycoside biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus, a medicinal plant

Whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses provide insights into the evolution of platycoside biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus, a medicinal plant

Platycodin D protects cortical neurons against oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reperfusion in neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy

Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a β-Glucosidase Gene to Produce Platycodin D in Platycodon grandiflorus

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