Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen on flame retardant cellulose: A study of phosphorus compounds

Gaan, Sabyasachi; Sun, Gang

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2006.09.010

Cited by 158 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Various forms of phosphorus based flame-retardants like phosphates, phosphoramide, phosphonate and phosphonium salts have been developed and used in flame-retardant finishing for cellulosic fabrics. 1 Organophosphrus compounds have demonstrated good ability as flame retardants for polymeric materials by forming a carbonaceous char, which acts as a physical barrier to heat transfer from the flame to the polymer bulk. 2 Among phosphorus compounds, red phosphorus is known to be a very economical and effective flame-retardant for epoxy resins, which have oxygen in the backbone and to work well not only in condensed phase but also in gas phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Thermogravimetric Study of Cotton Fabric Flame‐Retardancy by Means of Impregnation with Red Phosphorus

Mostashari

Fayyaz

2008

Chin. J. Chem.

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The effect of red phosphorus was found to be effective for flame-retardancy of a pure cotton fabric. The laundered bone-dried weighed samples were impregnated with red phosphorus at suitable concentrations. Vertical flame spread test was accomplished. The optimum add-on value to impart flame-retardancy onto cotton fabric was determined around 3.95 g of red phosphorus per 100 g of fabric. TG/DTG curves of treated samples showed a well-timed weight loss occurred with regard to untreated specimens. This illustrates the sufficiency of impregnation and support its catalytic action on flame-retardancy, which is compliance with data obtained via flammability test. The results are in favor of "Chemical Action Theory", "Gas Theory" and "Condensed Phase Retardation".

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Thermogravimetric Study of Cotton Fabric Flame‐Retardancy by Means of Impregnation with Red Phosphorus

Mostashari

Fayyaz

2008

Chin. J. Chem.

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“…Phosphorus compounds are well-known flameretardants, and increase char yields from textiles and woods. 17,18 They also catalyse dehydration reactions of cellulose and a recent study by Di Blasi and co-workers 19 report decreasing yields of tar products from phosphorus impregnated fir wood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Survey of influence of biomass mineral matter in thermochemical conversion of short rotation willow coppice

Fuentes¹,

Nowakowski²,

Kubacki³

et al. 2008

Journal of the Energy Institute

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Short rotation willow coppice (SRC) has been investigated for the influence of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and P on is pyrolysis and combustion behaviours. These metals are the typical components that appear in biomass. The willow sample was pre-treated to remove salts and metals by hydrochloric acid, and this demineralised sample was impregnated with each individual metal at the same mol/g biomass (2.4x10 -4 mol g -1 demineralised willow). Characterisation was performed using thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis (DTA) for combustion. In pyrolysis, volatile fingerprints were measured by means of pyrolysis -gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS). The yields and distribution of pyrolysis products have been influenced by the presence of the catalysts. Most notably, both potassium and phosphorous strongly catalysed the pyrolysis, modifying both the yield and distribution of reaction products. Temperature programmed combustion TGA indicates that combustion of biomass char is catalysed by all the metals, while phosphorus strongly inhibits the char combustion. In this case, combustion rates follow the order for volatile release/combustion: P>K>Fe>Raw>HCl>Mg>Ca, and for char combustionK>Fe>raw>Ca~Mg>HCl>P. The samples impregnated with phosphorus and potassium were also studied for combustion under flame conditions, and the same trend was observed, i.e. both potassium and phosphorus catalyse the volatile release/combustion, while, in char combustion, potassium is a catalyst and phosphorus a strong inhibitor, i.e. Kimpregnated > (faster than) raw > demineralised >> P-impregnated. IntroductionBiomass and energy crops are being considered as serious options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from electricity production. Biomass includes a vast range of materials including agricultural and forestry residues, lignocellulosic components of wastes, as well as energy crops. In the UK there are financial incentives for using biomass grown specifically for electricity production, i.e. energy crops, and this has started to develop the supply chain for, in particular, short rotation willow coppice and Miscanthus. A number of studies have examined the agronomy and the variability of these and other energy crops, in terms of "fuel quality" attributes, particularly the inorganic content. 1,2 The mix of inorganics affects the ash behaviour during combustion and this has been the subject of a number of reviews.The main plant nutrients needed for energy crop production are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Other typical metals present in the fuel are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na and Si. Similarly the main inorganic components in SRC bark clonal varieties have been reported to vary in the range 0.09-0.12 wt % P, 0.2-0.5 wt% K, 0.9-1.5 wt% Ca and 0.05-0.16 wt% Mg, while for the stems the ranges reported are lower: 0.04-0.07 wt% P, 0.1-0.2 wt% K, 0.5-0.9 wt% Ca and 0.02-0.05 wt% Mg. 5Pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and biomass type are important factors influencing the volatilisation of alkali species in the biomass. 6...

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“…The rocking band of ACH 2 is a characteristic strong-medium intensity band for phosphonate structures having PACH 2 AR groups. 10,11 The spectrum confirmed the existence of flame-retardant agents on the treated specimens.…”

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confidence: 64%

“…10,14 This is a consequence of increasing commercial demands in terms of cost-effectiveness coupled with increasing concerns for the environmental and general toxicological character of these materials, and treatments. 4,30 Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen based on animal studies with neoplastic lesions at the point of contact, the respiratory tract, and limited evidence of human respiratory tract carcinogenicity.…”

Section: Formaldehyde Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame‐retardant finishing in cotton fabrics using zinc oxide co‐catalyst

Lam

Kan

Yuen

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, N-Methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide (FR) in combination with a melamine resin (CL), phosphoric acid (PA) catalyst and zinc oxide (ZnO) or nano-ZnO co-catalyst were used (FR-CL-PA-ZnO or nano-ZnO system) to impart flame-retardant property on cotton fabrics. FR-CL or FR-CL-PA-treated cotton specimen showed roughened and wrinkled fabric surface morphology, which was caused by the attack of the FR with slightly acidity. In addition, FTIR analysis showed some new characteristic peaks, carbonyl, CH 2 rocking and CH 3 asymmetric and CH 2 symmetric stretching bands, in the chemical structure of treated cotton specimens. Apart from these, the flame ignited on the flame-retardant-treated fabrics (without subjected to any post-wet treatment) extinguished right after the removal of ignition source. However, FR-CL treated specimens were no longer flame-resistant when the specimens subjected to neutralization and/or home laundering, while FR-CL-PA treated specimens showed opposite results. By using 0.2% and 0.4% of ZnO or nano-ZnO as co-catalyst, the flame spread rate of neutralized and/or laundered test specimens decreased, even the specimens were undergone 10 home laundering cycles. Moreover, flame-retardant-treated cotton specimens had low breaking load and tearing strength resulting from side effects of the crosslinking agent used, while addition of ZnO or nano-ZnO co-catalyst could compensates for the reduction. Furthermore, the free formaldehyde content was dropped when ZnO and nano-ZnO co-catalyst was added in the treatment.

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Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen on flame retardant cellulose: A study of phosphorus compounds

Cited by 158 publications

References 15 publications

A Thermogravimetric Study of Cotton Fabric Flame‐Retardancy by Means of Impregnation with Red Phosphorus

A Thermogravimetric Study of Cotton Fabric Flame‐Retardancy by Means of Impregnation with Red Phosphorus

Survey of influence of biomass mineral matter in thermochemical conversion of short rotation willow coppice

Flame‐retardant finishing in cotton fabrics using zinc oxide co‐catalyst

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