A Thermogravimetric Study of Cotton Fabric Flame‐Retardancy by Means of Impregnation with Red Phosphorus

Abstract

The effect of red phosphorus was found to be effective for flame-retardancy of a pure cotton fabric. The laundered bone-dried weighed samples were impregnated with red phosphorus at suitable concentrations. Vertical flame spread test was accomplished. The optimum add-on value to impart flame-retardancy onto cotton fabric was determined around 3.95 g of red phosphorus per 100 g of fabric. TG/DTG curves of treated samples showed a well-timed weight loss occurred with regard to untreated specimens. This illustrates the sufficiency of impregnation and support its catalytic action on flame-retardancy, which is compliance with data obtained via flammability test. The results are in favor of "Chemical Action Theory", "Gas Theory" and "Condensed Phase Retardation".

The effect of red phosphorus on the fire properties of intumescent pine wood flour – LDPE composites

“…Similar trend (reduction in T max of first step and increase in char yield) is observed with the addition of 5 wt% RP (PE‐6) due to formation of phosphoric acid, which catalyzed the dehydration of WF ad increases the char yield . The partial substitution of RP with APP does not change the shape of TGA curve.…”

“…The addition of 30 wt% APP increases char yield from 5.1% to 27.9% at 600°C because of the formation of thermally stable char arising the carbonization reaction that occurs between the constituents of IFR system and favors the char formation of WF by catalyzing effect of polyphosphoric acid. T max of second step is slightly higher Similar trend (reduction in T max of first step and increase in char yield) is observed with the addition of 5 wt% RP (PE-6) due to formation of phosphoric acid, which catalyzed the dehydration of WF ad increases the char yield [23][24][25]. The partial substitution of RP with APP does not change the shape of TGA curve.…”

Antibacterial Photoactivity and Thermal Stability of Tetra‐cationic Porphyrins Immobilized on Cellulosic Fabrics

“…Above 370°C, charring reactions and dehydration tend to be completed. These results are consistent with the literature in this area (57‐60). The study of treated cellulosic fabrics showed remarkable changes.…”

How to Address Flame-Retardant Technology on Cotton Fabrics by Using Functional Inorganic Sol–Gel Precursors and Nanofillers: Flammability Insights, Research Advances, and Sustainability Challenges

“…The flame-retardant effect of red phosphorus applied to a pure cotton fabric was confirmed by Mostashari et al [130]. The optimum concentration of red phosphorus to impart flame retardancy onto cotton was around 4% (w/w).…”

“…Red phosphorus -Lowering of the temperature of weight loss [130] Red phosphorus + CaCl 2 -Synergistic effect that promotes the formation of non-volatile char residue and less flammable gases -Delay of the non-oxidative pyrolysis of cotton [131] Red phosphorus + ZnCl 2 -Synergistic ability to increase char formation and combustible gas during thermal decomposition of cotton [132] APP + TEOS -TGA, char formation increased by 40% compared to untreated cotton -Damage length decreased as assessed by vertical flame-spread tests [135] APP + zirconium phosphate + graphene oxide -Self-extinction following the withdrawal of the flame [136] Boron The release of CO and CO 2 has been significantly reduced with respect to the fabric treated with the silica coating alone due to the presence of ZnO TiO 2 nanoparticles -TGA and PCFC shows that TiO 2 coating provide a strong effect acting as the protective barrier in the condensed phase -Reduction of PHRR by 5.5%, 27.1%, and 32.6%, respectively, for the cotton coated with TiO 2 with one, three, and seven cycles of treatment -After seven processing cycles at a mass loading of 14.6 wt%, the LOI reaches 21.0% (LOI of pristine cotton = 18.4%) [273] ZnO/SiO 2 nanoparticles -The combined effect of ZnO/SiO 2 provided the largest reduction in TSR and CO 2 emissions -ZnO significantly decreased the release of smoke and CO 2 emissions than SiO 2 [94] ZnO/SiO 2 nanoparticles -The combined effect of ZnO/SiO 2 led to flame spread and ignition time much shorter than those of untreated cotton and better fire resistance than when used separately -SiO 2 showed greater effect on thermal properties of cotton than ZnO alone [276] ZrO Zinc carbonate -Cotton fabrics achieved self-extinction and a LOI value of 30% [296] As a result of the differences in the mutual interface contacts and multi-functional combined benefits, good synergistic effects may be obtained between inorganic, intumescent, and nanoparticle flame retardants. However, further investigations on the synergistic effect of interfacial compatibility between flame retardants, as well as methods for improving the interface compatibility between matrix and filler are important to better enhance the flame retardancy of materials.…”