Effect of Operating Conditions on Lithium Recovery from Synthetic Geothermal Brine Using Electrodialysis Method

Sujoto, Vincent Sutresno Hadi; Sutijan,; Astuti, Widi; Sumardi, Slamet; Louis, Isana Supiah Yosephine; Petrus, Himawan Tri Bayu Murti

doi:10.1007/s40831-021-00488-3

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The results seen from Figure 3 and Figure 4 regarding solution flux and ionic flux correspond to the lithium recovery. The increase in the flux of lithium ions dramatically influences the increase in the percentage of lithium recovery, which indicates that various operating conditions have multiple effects on the recovery of lithium by the nanofiltration process [ 4 ]. Figure 5 shows the percentage of lithium recovery under different operating conditions conducted in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lithium recovery may be around an expected value of 74% to 75%, however, required more time to achieve the inevitable lithium recovery. With lower feed flow, the possible build-up of membrane fouling was more significant as concentration polarization was more likely to happen at a low feed flow rate [ 4 ]. Increased pressure was required to overcome the fouling layer build-up on the membrane surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, all the lithium in the world cannot fit into the batteries of electric cars. The metal is also used in many other items, such as batteries for laptops and mobile phones, airplanes, trains, and bicycles [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium Separation from Geothermal Brine to Develop Critical Energy Resources Using High-Pressure Nanofiltration Technology: Characterization and Optimization

et al. 2023

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There is a shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles (EVs), with the primary goal of reducing CO2 emissions from road transport. Battery technology is at the heart of this transition as it is vital to hybrid and fully electric vehicles’ performance, affordability, and reliability. However, it is not abundant in nature. Lithium has many uses, one of which is heat transfer applications; synthesized as an alloying agent for batteries, glass, and ceramics, it therefore has a high demand on the global market. Lithium can be attained by extraction from other natural resources in igneous rocks, in the waters of mineral springs, and geothermal brine. During the research, geothermal brine was used because, from the technological point of view, geothermal brine contains higher lithium content than other resources such as seawater. The nanofiltration separation process was operated using various solutions of pH 5, 7, and 10 at high pressures. The varying pressures are 11, 13, and 15 bar. The nanofiltration method was used as the separation process. High pressure of inert nitrogen gas was used to supply the driving force to separate lithium from other ions and elements in the sample. The research results supported the selected parameters where higher pressure and pH provided more significant lithium recovery but were limited by concentration polarization. The optimal operating conditions for lithium recovery in this research were obtained at a pH of 10 under a pressure of 15 bar, with the highest lithium recovery reaching more than 75%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium Separation from Geothermal Brine to Develop Critical Energy Resources Using High-Pressure Nanofiltration Technology: Characterization and Optimization

et al. 2023

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“…Geothermal brine extraction and concentration techniques are the determinants of the downstream efficiency of this potential. Given these challenges, many techniques have been developed, such as nanofiltration, ion exchange, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and electrodialysis (ED) [5][6][7][8]. The nanofiltration extraction technique has the main advantage of being compact (low footprint) [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, high operating energy and membrane fouling is still accompanying problem [11]. Other techniques, such as ED extraction, can provide high product purity (> 95%), monovalent selectivity, and are environmentally friendly [7,12,13]. Meanwhile, the concentration technique has not been developed much and still refers to conventional evaporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation Characteristic and Selectivity of Lithium from Geothermal Brine Using Forward Osmosis

Mustika

Astuti²,

Sumardi³

et al. 2022

J. Sustain. Metall.

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The need for lithium as a raw material for battery production in electric vehicles has triggered the growth of the lithium industry throughout the world, resulting in massive competition for the exploitation of lithium. Responding to these challenges, lithium recovery technology continues to be developed, one of which is membrane technology. This research focuses on the use of forward osmosis (FO) technology. The search for the best operating condition parameters for the process highlights a major concern. The condition parameters include temperature, draw solution concentration, and flow rate. The temperature varied from 30, 33, 36, 39 to 42 °C, the draw solution concentration varied from 1, 2 to 5 M, while the flow rate varied by 2, 3 and 4 L h −1 . The best conditions were obtained at a temperature of 42 °C, a concentration of 5 M draw solution, a flow rate of 4 L h −1 with a flux of 68.47 L m −2 h −1 , a normalized concentration ratio of 3.31, and an average solute rejection of 79.25%. Meanwhile, the most suitable osmotic pressure model to explain the phenomenon in the FO process is the Extended Pitzer.

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Synthesis of Titanium Ion Sieves and Its Application for Lithium Recovery from Artificial Indonesian Geothermal Brine

Tangkas

Sujoto

Astuti³

et al. 2023

J. Sustain. Metall.

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Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has been utilizing geothermal as a renewable energy source to generate electricity. Depending on the geological setting, geothermal brine possesses critical elements worthwhile to extract. One of the critical elements is lithium which is interesting in being processed as raw material for the battery industries. This study thoroughly presented titanium oxide material for lithium recovery from artificial geothermal brine and the effect of Li/Ti mole ratio, temperature, and solution pH. The precursors were synthesized using TiO 2 and Li 2 CO 3 with several variations of the Li/Ti mole ratio mixed at room temperature for 10 min. The mixture of 20 g of raw materials was put into a 50 mL crucible and then calcined in a muffle furnace. The calcination temperature in the furnace was varied to 600, 750, and 900 °C for 4 h with a heating rate. of 7.55 °C/min. After the synthesis process, the precursor is reacted with acid (delithiation). Delithiation aims to release lithium ions from the host Li 2 TiO 3 (LTO) precursor and replace it with hydrogen ions through an ion exchange mechanism. The adsorption process lasted for 90 min, and the stirring speed was 350 rpm on a magnetic stirrer with temperature variations of 30, 40, and 60 °C and pH values of 4, 8, and 12. This study has shown that synthetic precursors synthesized based on titanium oxide can absorb lithium from brine sources. The maximum recovery obtained at pH 12 and a temperature of 30 °C was 72%, with the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 3.55 mg Li/gr adsorbent. Shrinking Core Model (SCM) kinetics model provided the most fitted model to represent the kinetics model (R 2 = 0.9968), with the constants k f , Ds, and k, are 2.2360 × 10 −9 cm/s; 1.2211 × 10 –13 cm 2 /s; and 1.0467 × 10 –8 cm/s. Graphical Abstract

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Effect of Operating Conditions on Lithium Recovery from Synthetic Geothermal Brine Using Electrodialysis Method

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Lithium Separation from Geothermal Brine to Develop Critical Energy Resources Using High-Pressure Nanofiltration Technology: Characterization and Optimization

Lithium Separation from Geothermal Brine to Develop Critical Energy Resources Using High-Pressure Nanofiltration Technology: Characterization and Optimization

Separation Characteristic and Selectivity of Lithium from Geothermal Brine Using Forward Osmosis

Synthesis of Titanium Ion Sieves and Its Application for Lithium Recovery from Artificial Indonesian Geothermal Brine

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