The development of battery technology is the driving force behind the increasing demand for lithium, which has resulted in a decreased supply of lithium in the market and continues to be a challenge for the industry. In response to these conditions, the development of lithium recovery technology continues, and there is a search for sources of lithium that are easier to recover. One source of lithium that has the potential to be processed is geothermal brine using forward osmosis technology. The aim of this study was to determine the best operating conditions for forward osmosis as a substitute for conventional evaporation methods. The parameters to be optimized included pH and operating temperature. The flow rate in the forward osmosis process was controlled by two litres per hour (LPH), while the concentration of the draw solution was 6M. The operating temperature variations used were 40 C, 35 C, and 30 C, while the pH variations used were 7, 6, and 5. The best results were achieved at a pH of 5 with a temperature of 40 C. Apart from these operating conditions, the activity model (the Pitzer equation) showed superior results compared to the simple model (the Van't Hoff equation), explaining the forward osmosis phenomenon.
The need for lithium as a raw material for battery production in electric vehicles has triggered the growth of the lithium industry throughout the world, resulting in massive competition for the exploitation of lithium. Responding to these challenges, lithium recovery technology continues to be developed, one of which is membrane technology. This research focuses on the use of forward osmosis (FO) technology. The search for the best operating condition parameters for the process highlights a major concern. The condition parameters include temperature, draw solution concentration, and flow rate. The temperature varied from 30, 33, 36, 39 to 42 °C, the draw solution concentration varied from 1, 2 to 5 M, while the flow rate varied by 2, 3 and 4 L h −1 . The best conditions were obtained at a temperature of 42 °C, a concentration of 5 M draw solution, a flow rate of 4 L h −1 with a flux of 68.47 L m −2 h −1 , a normalized concentration ratio of 3.31, and an average solute rejection of 79.25%. Meanwhile, the most suitable osmotic pressure model to explain the phenomenon in the FO process is the Extended Pitzer.
Developing cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs) preparation techniques is a challenge confronted by many researchers. The advantages of property remain the reason for research to be developed. To deal with this issue, it is essential to conduct research related to process optimization, particularly in the hydrolysis process, which is the primary step in forming CNCs. In this study, the effect of sonication-assisted hydrolysis time was investigated. XRD characterization showed that the CNCs formed where the first group with specific peaks indicated. The crystallinity of CNCs decreased with increasing sonication duration, indicating that sonication-assisted hydrolysis was nonselective. The crystallinity of CNCs obtained for 15, 30, and 45 min was 61.6, 55.0, and 48.4 %, respectively. For sonication duration variations of 15, 30, and 45 min, the hydration diameter of CNCs was nearly identical at 42.35 ± 27.10, 42.99 ± 29.46, and 42.63 ± 29.49 nm, respectively. Similarly, the removal of methylene blue can be achieved using CNCs bio-adsorbent. The results of percent removal of methylene blue under sonication treatment of 15, 30, and 45 min of sonication were 73.34; 73.62; 72.86 %, respectively. The adsorption rate of CNCs follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the adsorption values under sonication treatment of 15, 30, and 45 min were 0.075 ± 0.008; 0.166 ± 0.013; 0.078 ± 0.005 g mg-1 min-1, respectively.
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