Synthesis of Titanium Ion Sieves and Its Application for Lithium Recovery from Artificial Indonesian Geothermal Brine

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has been utilizing geothermal as a renewable energy source to generate electricity. Depending on the geological setting, geothermal brine possesses critical elements worthwhile to extract. One of the critical elements is lithium which is interesting in being processed as raw material for the battery industries. This study thoroughly presented titanium oxide material for lithium recovery from artificial geothermal brine and the effect of Li/Ti mole ratio, temperature, and solution pH. The precursors were synthesized using TiO 2 and Li 2 CO 3 with several variations of the Li/Ti mole ratio mixed at room temperature for 10 min. The mixture of 20 g of raw materials was put into a 50 mL crucible and then calcined in a muffle furnace. The calcination temperature in the furnace was varied to 600, 750, and 900 °C for 4 h with a heating rate. of 7.55 °C/min. After the synthesis process, the precursor is reacted with acid (delithiation). Delithiation aims to release lithium ions from the host Li 2 TiO 3 (LTO) precursor and replace it with hydrogen ions through an ion exchange mechanism. The adsorption process lasted for 90 min, and the stirring speed was 350 rpm on a magnetic stirrer with temperature variations of 30, 40, and 60 °C and pH values of 4, 8, and 12. This study has shown that synthetic precursors synthesized based on titanium oxide can absorb lithium from brine sources. The maximum recovery obtained at pH 12 and a temperature of 30 °C was 72%, with the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 3.55 mg Li/gr adsorbent. Shrinking Core Model (SCM) kinetics model provided the most fitted model to represent the kinetics model (R 2 = 0.9968), with the constants k f , Ds, and k, are 2.2360 × 10 −9 cm/s; 1.2211 × 10 –13 cm 2 /s; and 1.0467 × 10 –8 cm/s. Graphical Abstract

Recovery of Lithium from Oilfield Brines—Current Achievements and Future Perspectives: A Mini Review

“…However, the solid reaction method is most often used because of its environmental friendliness, simple operation, low cost, and lack of solvents. In addition, it is recommended as suitable for large-scale production [86,87]. The conventional solid-state process uses lithium salts, such as lithium carbonate and titanium dioxide as raw materials, which are calcinated at around 700 • C for several hours, and then cooled down to room temperature [84][85][86][87].…”

“…In addition, it is recommended as suitable for large-scale production [86,87]. The conventional solid-state process uses lithium salts, such as lithium carbonate and titanium dioxide as raw materials, which are calcinated at around 700 • C for several hours, and then cooled down to room temperature [84][85][86][87]. The second step, i.e., the delithiation process aims to obtain H 2 TiO 3 lithium-ion sieves by pickling Li 2 TiO 3 into hydrochloric acid.…”

“…The second step, i.e., the delithiation process aims to obtain H 2 TiO 3 lithium-ion sieves by pickling Li 2 TiO 3 into hydrochloric acid. During this process, lithium ions are released from the precursor and then replaced with hydrogen ions by ion exchange [84][85][86][87]. The process of lithium adsorption on titanium-based adsorbent is ion exchange in nature (ion exchange between hydrogen cations from the adsorbent and lithium ions from the solution) and is described by Equation (1) [87]:…”

Modelling of Nano Silica Formation from Geothermal Silica Using Co-Precipitation Method

“…This research will convert this silica scaling problem into nanosilica to recover the amorphous silica while also increasing its economic value. In addition, the utilization of geothermal silica will have an impact on the recovery process of other valuable minerals [13,14].…”