Effect of ketamine on the limb withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane

Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000–2010)

“…As with our previous compilation 10 years ago [26], insight into the achievements is presented via distinction between enantiomer analysis in fortified body fluids (Table 1), body fluids and tissues of humans and animals (Tables 2 and 3), in vitro preparations (Table 4) and in forensic biosamples (Table 5 [ ). Furthermore, the stereoselective CE work associated with a multidisciplinary ketamine project is presented separately (Table 6 [ [154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169]). Major focus is given on systems in which stereoisomers of parent drug and metabolites are analyzed together in one run.…”

“…Compared to the previous decade, during which mostly uncharched CDs were employed [26], we noted a strong increase of the use of charged CDs. S-␤-CD, with 7-11 mol sulfate/mol ␤-CD, was most often used [58,60,63,69,71,79,80,83,95,97,99,101,108,110,118,123,131,134,135,139,[154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169] whereas the better defined highly sulfated CD derivatives (HS-␤-CD and HS-␥-CD [170]) were only used in a few assays [50,51,72,111,144,145]. These and other selectors, such as phosphated-␥-CD (PH-␥-CD) [94,106,126], carboxymethyl-␤-CD (CM-␤-CD) or carboxymethyl-␥-CD (CM-␥-CD) …”

“…rac-K, S-K NK Horse and pony plasma Assay development and characterization of ketamine demethylation [154] rac-K, S-K NK, DHNK Pony plasma and urine Assay modification, DHNK identification, enantioselectivities in plasma and urine [155] rac-K, S-K, rac-NK NK, DHNK, OH-NK Pony plasma and urine, equine liver microsomes Identification of hydroxylated NK metabolites, stereoselectivity of NK hydroxylation [156] rac-K NK Pony plasma Antinociceptive effects and ketamine demethylation under target-controlled infusion, PBPk modeling c [157] rac-K NK Pony plasma Pharmacokinetic-based algorithm for traget-controlled infusion of ketamine in ponies [158] rac-K NK Pony plasma Effect on limp withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation [159] rac-K, S-K NK Pony plasma Pharmacokinetics after single i.v. bolus drug administration under isoflurane anesthesia [160] rac-K, S-K NK Pony plasma Pharmacokinetics after single i.v.…”

“…Furthermore, the metabolic fate of ketamine is not well known. All this led to a multidisciplinary, comprehensive enantioselective ketamine study with the involvement of clinicians, pharmacologists and scientists from Vetsuisse (veterinary medicine of Bern and Zürich), US, Argentina and our laboratory [154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169]. This work comprises pharmacokinetic, clinical, infusion and drug metabolism aspects in which enantioselective CE was used to investigate the stereoselectivity of (i) the biotransformation of ketamine to norketamine via determination of their enantiomers in plasma, urine and incubations of ketamine with microsomal preparations of different species, (ii) norketamine hydroxylation and formation of dehydronorketamine in different species and (iii) the human CYP enzymes metabolizing ketamine and norketamine (Table 6).…”

Neuropathic Pain Management in Chronic Laminitis

“…140 However, with both infusion regimens the measured plasma ketamine concentrations were about 10 times below concentrations (2-4 µg/mL) associated with measurable acute antinociceptive effects. 141 Matthews et al 142 administered ketamine via infusion (400 and 800 µg•kg -1 •hr -1 ) for up to 5 days in eight horses with osteomyelitis, septic joint disease, burns, or colic in a search for possible analgesic effects. Responses to ketamine varied substantially with some showing any or only slight improvements of pain symptoms, while others appeared to be markedly more comfortable within 6 to 12 hrs of the start of drug infusion.…”