Effect of Human Development Index and other socioeconomic factors on mortality-to-incidence ratio of lips and oral cavity cancer in Mexican states: an ecological study

Abstract

ObjectivesTo assess the association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and covariates on the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) of lips and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) in Mexico.DesignEcological study.SettingData from 32 Mexican states for year 2019.ParticipantsData set of male and female populations from Mexico.ExposuresSocioeconomic conditions based on HDI and covariates related to healthcare system capacity (total health spending per capita, school dropout and ratio of medical personnel in direct contact with patients).Primary and secondary outcome measuresMIR of LOCC by state and sex was calculated from the Global Burden of Disease Study website for year 2019. Data for calculating HDI 2019 by state and covariates were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. A multiple regression model was constructed to measure the effects of HDI and covariates on LOCC-MIR.ResultsAmong the states with the highest HDI (>0.780), Colima had the highest aged-standardised rates per 100.000 in men for incidence (5.026) and mortality (3.118). The greatest burden of the disease was found on men, with the highest Men:Women MIR in Colima (3.10) and Baja California Sur (2.73). The highest MIR (>0.65) was found among the states with the lowest HDI (Oaxaca and Chiapas). For each unit of increase of the HDI there was a decrease in the LOCC- MIR of −0.778, controlling for the covariates. The most suitable regression model explained the 57% (F (p): 0.000) of the variance.ConclusionsMen were most affected by LOCC in Mexican states. The highest MIRs of LOCC were found in the states with the highest HDI. But a worse prognosis of the disease, expressed as a higher MIR, is expected in contexts with lower HDI in the country, even with lower MIRs.

Oral cancer epidemiology in relation to inter‐country disparities in human development in south and Southeast Asia

“…Access to health care, cancer stage, socioeconomic factors and treatment availability determine mortality. Thus, MIR can be a helpful indicator of health system level, 21 as higher MIR is associated with lower HDI in countries 6,9 . IHDI accounts for disparities in addition to HDI, and the values are in the same direction 21 …”

“…The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator used to compare the socioeconomic status of countries, with a higher HDI indicating greater development 8 . Studies in different geographic locations assessed the relationship between HDI and OC burden with varying results 6,9–11 . Some reported a reverse relationship between HDI and mortality, particularly in medium and low HDI countries, 10,11 and the mortality‐to‐incidence ratio (MIR) 9 .…”

“…Some reported a reverse relationship between HDI and mortality, particularly in medium and low HDI countries, 10,11 and the mortality‐to‐incidence ratio (MIR) 9 . For HDI and OC incidence, most studies found no significant relationship, 6,10,11 one found a positive association 9 and another reported a reverse correlation 12 …”

“…1 OC seems to be a socioeconomic-mediated disease since those with socioeconomic disadvantage have an increased risk 5 and a poorer outcome. 6,7 The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator used to compare the socioeconomic status of countries, with a higher HDI indicating greater development. 8 Studies in different geographic locations assessed the relationship between HDI and OC burden with varying results.…”

Cancer mortality in the older adults in China, 2005-2016: a joinpoint and age- period-cohort analysis

“…It was a comprehensive measure of achievements in three key aspects of human development: health, education, and living standards, which were calculated by taking into account life expectancy, educational attainment (average years of schooling), and standard of living (GDP). Countries in the world could be divided into four levels: low (HDI < 0.550), medium (0.550 < HDI < 0.699), high (0.700 < HDI < 0.799), and very high (HDI >0.800) [21].…”