Effect of Fuel and Lube Oil Sulfur on the Performance of a Diesel Exhaust Gas Continuously Regenerating Trap

Abstract

The continuously regenerating trap (CRT) is a diesel exhaust emission control that removes nearly all diesel particulate matter on a mass basis, but under some circumstances oxidation of sulfur leads to the formation of nanoparticles. The objective of the four year study was to determine CRT performance under controlled, real-world, on-road conditions, and to develop quantitative relationships between fuel and lubrication oil sulfur concentration and particle number exhaust emissions. It was shown that nanoparticle emissions are minimized by the use of ultralow sulfur fuels and specially formulated low sulfur lubrication oil. Nanoparticle emissions increased with higher exhaust temperatures. Fuel and lubrication oil sulfur increased the particle concentration by, on average, 36 x 10(6) and 0.14 x 10(6) part/cm3 for each 1 ppm increase in sulfur. On the other hand there was a decrease in nanoparticle emissions by the CRT as the system aged.

Can Real-World Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distribution be Reproduced in the Laboratory? A Critical Review Jorma Keskinen

“…37,53,55 The effect of sulfur storage-release process has also been observed on-road with a DPF-equipped heavy-duty diesel vehicle. 59 The combined effect of fuel and lubricant oil sulfur contents on the exhaust size distributions of heavy-duty vehicles has been reported by Kittelson et al 37,53 All of the observations above indicate that the formation of nucleation mode particles is a sulfur-driven process. The AMS studies and volatility studies conducted on-road 66 and the modeling studies performed with onroad data 60 support this concept.…”

“…19 This mechanism has been given credibility by mass spectrometer studies 38 and by the fact that the nucleation mode correlates with the fuel and lubricant sulfur contents. 37,42 Another contributing factor might be that the sulfuric-acid-water nucleation theory is practically the only mechanism providing a framework for quantitative modeling. Consequently, this process has been modeled by several authors.…”

The Construction and Application of a Multipoint Sampling System for Vehicle Exhaust Plumes

“…In previous studies, the variations in the concentrations of NO x (Vogt et al, 2003;Morawska et al, 2007;Kwak et al, 2014), CO 2 (Giechaskiel et al, 2005;Lipsky and Robinson, 2006;Casati et al, 2007;Rönkkö et al, 2007;Uhrner et al, 2007;Kittelson et al, 2008), and soot particles (Rönkkö et al, 2006) in exhaust plume were used to calculate the DRs at different distances from the exhaust vent.…”

“…Although the CO 2 concentration was also used to calculate the DRs in previous studies (Giechaskiel et al, 2005;Casati et al, 2007;Rönkkö et al, 2007;Uhrner et al, 2007;Kittelson et al, 2008), the CO 2 concentration in the exhaust vent was measured using a chassis dynamometer in the laboratory, and the speed was the same as that in the chasing test. Kittelson et al (2008) and Uhrner et al (2007) measured the CO 2 concentrations in the exhaust vent and exhaust plume simultaneously, but they had only two sampling points. In this study, five different sampling points were used in the system, and the variations in the DRs of the exhaust plume at four locations were analyzed simultaneously.…”

“…Thus, the distance between the sample point and the exhaust nozzle is generally more than 5 m (Giechaskiel et al, 2005;Kittelson et al, 2006;Rönkkö et al, 2007;Kittelson et al, 2008;Bergmann et al, 2009) and can reach as high as 100 m (Vogt et al, 2003;Casati et al, 2007). However, German researchers (Uhrner et al, 2007;Wehner et al, 2009;Uhrner et al, 2011) designed a new device that can be installed on the back of a car, and the sampling point can be adjusted within the range of 45-90 cm.…”