Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Reducing Fat from the Body

Effects of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Waist Circumference in Adults with Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized, Double-blind, Sham-controlled Trial

“…21 To investigate the association between abdominal fat distributions with WC decreases, we measured visceral and subcutaneous fat areas by abdominal CT scan, but no intergroup differences were observed at week 12. Sharma et al reported percentage body fat was found less after EMS, 5 but this study was different from our research in the EMR program settings, research design, and research duration, measurement index, dietary or activity adjustment, using sham-control and so on. EMS does not appear to be comparable to cardiovascular aerobic exercise.…”

“…4 Initially, EMS was introduced as training program tool to improve muscular strength, but it is now used for muscle rehabilitation, treat obesity and improve body shape. 5,6 EMS has been suggested to promote the formation of adenosine triphosphate, 7 increase oxygen intake, 8 decrease body fat by increasing muscle strength, improve blood circulation, accelerate waste product excretion though the lymphatic system, 5 stimulate cell regeneration, 9 and increase metabolic rate by increasing local temperature. 10 Although a previous clinical trial reported reduced waist circumference (WC) after 8 weeks of EMS, 11 unfortunately, no randomized controlled trial has evaluated the effect of EMS on obesity or regional fat distribution.…”

Intramuscular aponeuroses and fiber bundle morphology of the five bellies of flexor digitorum superficialis: A three‐dimensional modeling study

“…However, in the current study, the third digital belly had the longest mean FBL, followed by the fourth, fifth, and second. In other studies, the fifth digital belly was found to have the shortest mean FBL of the four digital bellies (Sharma et al, 2009;Ward et al, 2006). Mean FBL of the proximal belly reported by Brand et al (1981), Lieber et al (1992, and the current study, was the shortest of the bellies.…”

“…The longest mean FBL, in the previous literature, was reported for either the second (Lieber et al, 1992;Sharma et al, 2009;Ward et al, 2006), third (An et al, 1981;Matsuzawa et al, 2021), or fourth digital belly (Brand et al, 1981;Cutts et al, 1991). However, in the current study, the third digital belly had the longest mean FBL, followed by the fourth, fifth, and second.…”

“…This contrasts with previous dissection studies where 5-50 FBs were sampled per specimen using manual measurement techniques e.g. dial calipers (Lieber et al, 1992), measuring rollers (Sharma et al, 2009;Ward et al, 2006), or photo image analysis (Matsuzawa et al, 2021). In most studies, the site of FB sampling was not stated.…”