Effect of dietary inorganic copper on growth performance and hematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat-induced stress

Abstract

Objective. To determine if acid-etched, cross-linked dentin can be dehydrated without lowering bond strength below that of cross-linked wet-bonded dentin in vitro.Methods. Using extracted human third molars, control acid-etched dentin was bonded with Single Bond Plus, using either the wet-or dry-bonding technique. Experimental acid-etched dentin was treated with 5 mass% grape seed extract (GSE) in different solvents for 1 min before undergoing wet vs dry resin-dentin bonding with Single Bond Plus. Completely demineralized dentin beams were treated with 5% GSE for 0, 1 or 10 min, before measuring stiffness by 3-point flexure. Other completely demineralized beams were treated similarly and then incubated in buffer for 1 week to measure the collagen solubilization by endogenous dentin proteases.Results. 24 h microtensile bond strengths (TBS) in wet and dry controls were 53.5 ± 3.6 and 9.4 ± 1.8 MPa, respectively (p < 0.05). 5% GSE in water gave TBS of 53.7 ± 3.4 and 39.1 ± 9.7 MPa (p < 0.05), respectively, while 5% GSE in ethanol gave TBS of 51.2 ± 2.3 and 35.3 ± 2.0 MPa (p < 0.05). 5% GSE in 5% EtOH/95% water gave wet and dry TBS of 53.0 ± 2.3 and 55.7 ± 5.1 MPa (p > 0.05). Cross-linking demineralized dentin with 5% GSE increased stiffness of dentin and decreased collagen degradation (p < 0.05).

Dietary copper requirement of fingerlingHeteropneustes fossilisfor formulating copper‐balanced commercial feeds

“…Impaired growth in fish that were fed diets containing higher copper levels have also been reported due to toxicity in fishes such as grouper (Lin et al, 2008); yellow catfish (Tan et al, 2011); beluga (Mohseni et al, 2014); Russian sturgeon (Wang et al, 2016); Nile tilapia (Damasceno et al, 2016); spotted snakehead (Hameid et al, 2017); and hybrid tilapia (Tang et al, 2017). Lower growth due to lower feed intake of diets containing higher levels of copper as evident in the present study was also reported in various other fishes such as mullet (Baker, Handy, Davies, & Snook, 1998) (Lundebye et al, 1999).…”

“…Impaired growth in fish that were fed diets containing higher copper levels have also been reported due to toxicity in fishes such as grouper (Lin et al, ); yellow catfish (Tan et al, ); beluga (Mohseni et al, ); Russian sturgeon (Wang et al, ); Nile tilapia (Damasceno et al, ); spotted snakehead (Hameid et al, ); and hybrid tilapia (Tang et al, ). Lower growth due to lower feed intake of diets containing higher levels of copper as evident in the present study was also reported in various other fishes such as mullet (Baker, Handy, Davies, & Snook, ), yellow catfish (Tan et al, ), red sea bream (El‐Basuini et al, ), Nile tilapia (Damasceno et al, ). Pro‐oxidation action of dietary copper leading to dietary lipid peroxidation and an apparent decline in palatability (Baker et al, ) may be responsible for this behaviour of refusing feed.…”

“…Surfeit amount of copper can also lead to damage of cells and organs such as severe lesions on the intestine, liver, brain and gills (Berntssen, Hylland, Wendelaar Bonga, & Maage, 1999;Clearwater et al, 2002). Damage of proteins, lipids and DNA by reactive oxygen species is activated by copper ions and its complexes (Damasceno et al, 2016;Fedeli, Carloni, & Falcioni, 2010;Tang et al, 2017). Copper is also a vital component of the ceruloplasmin enzyme and plays important role in iron metabolism.…”

“…Each point represents the mean of three replicates per treatment U R E 4 Broken-line relationship of plasma ceruloplasmin activity to varying dietary copper levels. Each point represents the mean of three replicates per treatment tilapia(Damasceno et al, 2016). Pro-oxidation action of dietary copper leading to dietary lipid peroxidation and an apparent decline in palatability(Baker et al, 1998) may be responsible for this behaviour of refusing feed.…”

Dietary copper requirement of fingerlingChanna punctatus(Bloch) based on growth, feed conversion, blood parameters and whole body copper concentration

“…Dietary requirements for copper have been quantified for several fish species such as common carp Cyprinus carpio , rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri , Atlantic salmon S. salar , channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus , hybrid tilapia Oncorhynchus niloticus × Oncorhynchus aureas , Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (NRC ); yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Tan et al . ); olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Mohseni, Park, Lee, Okorie, Browdy, Bharadwaj & Bai ), beluga Huso huso (Mohseni, Pourkazemi & Bai ), Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Damasceno, Fleuri, Sartori, Amorim, Pezzato, Silva, Carvalho & Barros ), Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Wang, Li, Zhu, Du, Qin & Chen ).…”