Effect of Dehydrothermal Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Plaster of Paris–CaCO₃Hydrogel Loaded With Cinnamaldehyde for Biomedical Purposes

Abstract

CaCO3 hydrogel incorporation into Plaster of Paris (POP) formulations decreased the resorption rate of the POP after implantation in the body. Although an inflammatory process is required as part of wound healing, the accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells in the POP–hydrogel CaCO3 implant area needs to be controlled. Therefore, cinnamaldehyde, as an anti-inflammatory agent with a unique α, β-unsaturated aldehyde, was incorporated into the CaCO3 hydrogel. During the incorporation, both the lipophilic and hydrophilic sides of the cinnamaldehyde molecule can influence the physical and mechanical properties of the CaCO3 hydrogel, in which mechanical properties of a tissue engineering scaffold are important to fine tune cellular activity during implantation. On the other hand, as a 3-dimensional polymeric structure, crosslinking is needed for the CaCO3 hydrogel to stabilize and increase its molecular weight for better mechanical strength, and more resistance to heat, wear, and solvent attack. For that purpose, dehydrothermal treatment (DHT) was applied to the crosslink hydrogel system as a favorable crosslinking method to avoid the use of a chemical agent. In this study, 3 groups of hydrogels of CaCO3, namely DHT crosslinked, loaded with cinnamaldehyde, and loaded with cinnamaldehyde followed by DHT crosslinking were developed before being combined with POP in 50 wt%. To evaluate the effect of DHT to the final POP-cinnamaldehyde-loaded CaCO3 hydrogel properties and biocompatibility, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, surface roughness, hardness, diametral tensile strength, and in vivo biocompatibility studies were conducted. It was observed that cinnamaldehyde with DHT treatment improved the POP–hydrogel CaCO3 properties and had good biocompatibility. Thus, POP-cinnamaldehyde-loaded CaCO3 hydrogel can be a promising bone substitute containing an anti-inflammatory agent.

A histological evaluation of cellular response on bone regeneration scaffold

“…April 2023; 9(1): 22-29 ISSN 2460-0164 (print) ISSN 2442-2576 (online) 24 HE, Mallory, Toluidine Blue, TRAP, dan DAB. 6,10 At least three parts of the tissue around the implant (soft and hard tissue) were examined with a light microscope (Nikon eclipse E600) with an Optilabviewer® to draw images at magnification from 10X10 to 100X10. Description analysis was performed on the response of soft tissues and hard tissues to implants.…”

Cinnamaldehyde-Contained Polymers and Their Biomedical Applications

“…Gelatin is a kind of protein and also has many functional groups, including amino groups. Dewi et al prepared a Plaster of Paris–CaCO 3 hydrogel containing gelatin, in which gelatin was conjugated with cinnamaldehyde via imine linkages, and the results regarding physical properties in vivo biocompatibility showed that it may be a promising bone substitute containing cinnamaldehyde as an anti-inflammatory agent [ 79 ].…”

Anti-inflammatory loading of cinnamaldehyde on artificial bone scaffolds against the process of bone regeneration

“…We employed dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment to generate the formation of intermolecular crosslinks through a condensation reaction in a functional group of gelatin to decrease the crosslink effect capability of cinnamaldehyde. 12 Crosslinking gelatin can be achieved by physical treatments, such as heat (DHT), UV radiation, and gamma radiation, and chemical treatments, for example aldehydes (such as formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde (GA) or glyceraldehyde), polyepoxides, and isocyanates. 13 GA is currently the most used crosslinking molecule because it is inexpensive, and it works well with collagen-based materials.…”