“…In recent times, metal ions doped into the QDs can be replaced by the single QDs and co-sensitized system to reduce achievable recombination (Hodes et al, 1987;Fang et al, 1997Fang et al, , 2011Gratzel, 2001Gratzel, , 2003William Yu et al, 2003;Shen and Lee, 2008;Fan et al, 2009;Gimenez et al, 2009;Zhuge et al, 2009;Gonzalez-Pedro et al, 2010;Schmid, 2014;Tan Phat et al, 2018) because it can improve the charge collection and transfer process. In addition, metal ions are famous for their lowest resistance and large mobility.…”