Effect of Continuous Irradiation with Terahertz Electromagnetic Waves of the NO Frequency Range on Behavioral Reactions of Male Albino Rats under Stress Conditions
Abstract:We studied the effect of terahertz waves (NO frequency range, 150.176-150.664 GHz) on stress-induced variations in behavioral reactions of male albino rats during hypokinetic stress. THz irradiation was followed by partial or complete normalization of behavioral reactions of male albino rats after hypokinetic stress. The most significant effect was observed after continuous irradiation for 30 min.
“…THz radiation can affect the central nervous system and behavioral performance of animal. Under stress conditions, THz radiation (NO frequency range, 150.17–150.664 GHz, 0.2 mW/cm 2 , 30 min) could effectively prevent the changes in horizontal and vertical activity as well as exploratory behavior in male rats ( Kirichuk et al., 2014 ). In contrast, THz (3.6 THz, 23.6 mW/cm 2 , 30 min) irradiation increased the anxiety level of animals ( Bondar et al., 2008 ).…”
Section: Effects Of Terahertz Radiation On the Nervous Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nonthermal effects can change protein conformation ( Borovkova et al., 2017 ), influence DNA double chain stability ( Alexandrov et al., 2010 ), change membrane permeability ( Cherkasova et al., 2020 ), and generate acute inflammatory reactions ( Figure 2 ) ( Hwang et al., 2014 ), therefore impacting the morphology and structure of neurons and inducing apoptosis ( Borovkova et al., 2017 ; Zhao et al., 2014 ). Further experiments in animals revealed that THz radiation can induce animal behavior changes ( Bondar et al., 2008 ; Kirichuk et al., 2014 ). Figure 2 Non-thermal biological effects of Thz radiation THz waves generated by THz sources have been proven to trigger acute inflammatory reactions in skin tissues (1), protein conformational changes (2), disruption or leakage of plasma membranes (3), and disruption of DNA double-strand replication or repair (4).…”
Section: Biological Mechanisms Involved In Terahertz Wavesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nonthermal effects can change protein conformation (Borovkova et al, 2017), influence DNA double chain stability (Alexandrov et al, 2010), change membrane permeability (Cherkasova et al, 2020), and generate acute inflammatory reactions (Figure 2) (Hwang et al, 2014), therefore impacting the morphology and structure of neurons and inducing apoptosis (Borovkova et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2014). Further experiments in animals revealed that THz radiation can induce animal behavior changes (Bondar et al, 2008;Kirichuk et al, 2014).…”
Summary
Terahertz (THz) waves are ranged between microwave and infrared region in the electromagnetic spectrum. THz technology has been demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications. Exploration of biological effects of THz waves has emerged as a critical new area in life sciences. It is critical to uncover the effects of THz waves on complex biological systems in order to lay out the framework for THz technology development and future applications. Specifically, THz radiation has been shown to affect the nervous system, including the structure of nerve cell membranes, genes expressions, and cytokines level. In this review, we primarily discuss the biological impacts and mechanisms of THz waves on the nervous system at the organisms, cellular, and molecular levels. The future application perspectives of THz technologies in neuroscience are also highlighted and proposed.
“…THz radiation can affect the central nervous system and behavioral performance of animal. Under stress conditions, THz radiation (NO frequency range, 150.17–150.664 GHz, 0.2 mW/cm 2 , 30 min) could effectively prevent the changes in horizontal and vertical activity as well as exploratory behavior in male rats ( Kirichuk et al., 2014 ). In contrast, THz (3.6 THz, 23.6 mW/cm 2 , 30 min) irradiation increased the anxiety level of animals ( Bondar et al., 2008 ).…”
Section: Effects Of Terahertz Radiation On the Nervous Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nonthermal effects can change protein conformation ( Borovkova et al., 2017 ), influence DNA double chain stability ( Alexandrov et al., 2010 ), change membrane permeability ( Cherkasova et al., 2020 ), and generate acute inflammatory reactions ( Figure 2 ) ( Hwang et al., 2014 ), therefore impacting the morphology and structure of neurons and inducing apoptosis ( Borovkova et al., 2017 ; Zhao et al., 2014 ). Further experiments in animals revealed that THz radiation can induce animal behavior changes ( Bondar et al., 2008 ; Kirichuk et al., 2014 ). Figure 2 Non-thermal biological effects of Thz radiation THz waves generated by THz sources have been proven to trigger acute inflammatory reactions in skin tissues (1), protein conformational changes (2), disruption or leakage of plasma membranes (3), and disruption of DNA double-strand replication or repair (4).…”
Section: Biological Mechanisms Involved In Terahertz Wavesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nonthermal effects can change protein conformation (Borovkova et al, 2017), influence DNA double chain stability (Alexandrov et al, 2010), change membrane permeability (Cherkasova et al, 2020), and generate acute inflammatory reactions (Figure 2) (Hwang et al, 2014), therefore impacting the morphology and structure of neurons and inducing apoptosis (Borovkova et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2014). Further experiments in animals revealed that THz radiation can induce animal behavior changes (Bondar et al, 2008;Kirichuk et al, 2014).…”
Summary
Terahertz (THz) waves are ranged between microwave and infrared region in the electromagnetic spectrum. THz technology has been demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications. Exploration of biological effects of THz waves has emerged as a critical new area in life sciences. It is critical to uncover the effects of THz waves on complex biological systems in order to lay out the framework for THz technology development and future applications. Specifically, THz radiation has been shown to affect the nervous system, including the structure of nerve cell membranes, genes expressions, and cytokines level. In this review, we primarily discuss the biological impacts and mechanisms of THz waves on the nervous system at the organisms, cellular, and molecular levels. The future application perspectives of THz technologies in neuroscience are also highlighted and proposed.
“…The same group later designed more complex experiments and used experimental animals with induced hypokinetic stress, after conditioning animals were subjected to the same terahertz radiation protocol but of a lower intensity. Tests showed changes in blood antioxidant activity with respect to the control group, and the authors hypothesized a key role for nitric oxide (NO) molecules as an intermediator of biological effects [ 145 ]. Utilization of label-free detection of NO in injured neurons has been done by Abbas et al [ 146 ].…”
Since regular radio broadcasts started in the 1920s, the exposure to human-made electromagnetic fields has steadily increased. These days we are not only exposed to radio waves but also other frequencies from a variety of sources, mainly from communication and security devices. Considering that nearly all biological systems interact with electromagnetic fields, understanding the affects is essential for safety and technological progress. This paper systematically reviews the role and effects of static and pulsed radio frequencies (100–109 Hz), millimetre waves (MMWs) or gigahertz (109–1011 Hz), and terahertz (1011–1013 Hz) on various biomolecules, cells and tissues. Electromagnetic fields have been shown to affect the activity in cell membranes (sodium versus potassium ion conductivities) and non-selective channels, transmembrane potentials and even the cell cycle. Particular attention is given to millimetre and terahertz radiation due to their increasing utilization and, hence, increasing human exposure. MMWs are known to alter active transport across cell membranes, and it has been reported that terahertz radiation may interfere with DNA and cause genomic instabilities. These and other phenomena are discussed along with the discrepancies and controversies from published studies.
“…Kirichuk et al used hypokinesia as a stress model for albino rats and used terahertz waves in the NO frequency range to irradiate and observe, at different times, the changes in their behavioral responses. The results showed that after 15 min of continuous irradiation, some behavioral responses were partially restored, and the effect of 30 min of irradiation was more obvious [ 20 ]. Many studies have shown that the nervous system is a sensitive target of electromagnetic radiation [ 21 ].…”
Terahertz is a new radiation source with many unique advantages. In recent years, its application has rapidly expanded to various fields, but there are few studies on the individual effects of terahertz. In this study, we investigated the behavioral effects of terahertz radiation on C57BL/6 mice, and we conducted an open field test, an elevated plus maze test, a light–dark box test, a three-chamber social test, and a forced swim test to explore the effects of terahertz radiation on mice from a behavioral perspective. The results show that terahertz wave may increase anti-anxiety, anti-depression, and social interaction in mice.
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