Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India

Abstract

Sand Intermittent Filtration (SIF) is an established technology of wastewater treatment and in recent years it gains renewed interest due to its simplicity and less energy requirement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modified filter-bed Reactor using Sand-intermittent-filtration (SIF) for the removal of physicochemical parameters viz dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), chloride (Cl), turbidity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of the Industrial wastewater of State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL) at Haridwar. The experiments were performed with the composition of the filter-bed having sand and gravel in the ratio of 1:1 (Reactor I); 1:2 (Reactor II) and 2:1 (Reactor III) at the room temperature 300C. Each Reactor was categorized into A, B and C type based on depth of filter-bed (A=10 cm, B=15 cm, C=30 cm). The maximum removal of TS (52.21%), TDS (50.66%), TSS (57.20%), turbidity (67.36%), chloride (28.81%), BOD (39.18%), COD (38.66%), TH (53.40%), and CaH (62.57%) was observed in Reactor II C (soil and gravel- 2:1 and 30 cm depth of bed) using 0.49 mm effective size and 0.49 uniformity coefficient (UC) of the sand. A mixture of sand and gravel in the Reactor II with a ratio of 2:1 yielded better efficiency in comparison to the Reactor I and Reactor III. Thus, SIF technology could be environment-friendly and economically cost-effective for removing various physicochemical parameters from Industrial wastewater.

Assessment of groundwater quality of two selected villages of Nawada district of Bihar using water quality index

“…Strong negative correlation of DO was with observed with BOD (-0.84). Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen required by bacterial community available in water sample in a fixed period of time for the oxidation of organic and inorganic matter (Bhutiani et al, 2021). BOD was found minimum at site 4 (0.5mg/l±0.35) and maximum was found at site 2 (0.9mg/l±0.36).…”

“…Fluoride is eliminated via urine, sweat and faeces in little amount and gets bounded in tissues in large amount (Kumar and Kumar, 2015). Water quality index (WQI) helps in understanding quality of water and therefore has been applied for the quality estimation of the water all over the world form the last few decades (Verma et al, 2018;Bhutiani et al, 2018;Adimallaa and Qian, 2019;Vaiphei et al, 2020;Bhutiani et al, 2021). Water quality is means of reflecting the quality of water in a single value (Sener et al, 2017;Tyagi et al, 2020).…”

Spatial mapping of groundwater quality using GIS for Jakham River basin of Southern Rajasthan

“…Groundwater is a very important component of the human life support system and it is required for drinking, household, industrial and agricultural uses (Bhutiani et al, 2021a;Bhutiani et al, 2021b;Ruhela et al, 2021).The groundwater quality is serious matter in arid and semi-arid areas, which is dominated by irrigation practices. Quality of ground water is adversely affected by the diffuse contamination devising from intensive agricultural practices (Bhutiani et al, 2019;Ruhela et al, 2022;Saidi et al, 2009).Groundwater has been a major and consistent source of drinking and irrigation for a wide range of users (Afzali et al, 2014).…”

Water usage pattern in the aftermath of COVID-19

“…Water, an elixir of life (Mythrey et al, 2012;Bhutiani et al, 2021) without which life on this planet is impossible. It is an essential element for survival (Popkin and Rosenberg, 2011;Wolf et al, 2010;Bhutiani and Ahamad, 2018;Tyagi et al, 2020) of any living being on this planet.…”