Effect of Coating Palm Oil Clinker Aggregate on the Engineering Properties of Normal Grade Concrete

Abstract

Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste material generated in large quantities from the palm oil industry. POC, when crushed, possesses the potential to serve as an aggregate for concrete production. Experimental investigation on the engineering properties of concrete incorporating POC as aggregate and filler material was carried out in this study. POC was partially and fully used to replace natural coarse aggregate. The volumetric replacements used were 0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. POC, being highly porous, negatively affected the fresh and hardened concrete properties. Therefore, the particle-packing (PP) method was adopted to measure the surface and inner voids of POC coarse aggregate in the mixtures at different substitution levels. In order to enhance the engineering properties of the POC concrete, palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was used as a filler material to fill up and coat the surface voids of POC coarse, while the rest of the mix constituents were left as the same. Fresh and hardened properties of the POC concrete with and without coating were determined, and the results were compared with the control concrete. The results revealed that coating the surface voids of POC coarse with POCP significantly improved the engineering properties as well as the durability performance of the POC concrete. Furthermore, using POC as an aggregate and filler material may reduce the continuous exploitation of aggregates from primary sources. Also, this approach offers an environmental friendly solution to the ongoing waste problems associated with palm oil waste material.

A Systematic Literature Review on Waste-to-Resource Potential of Palm Oil Clinker for Sustainable Engineering and Environmental Applications

“…In a study by [20], the surface voids of POC coarse were filled and coated with POC It has been confirmed by several authors through microstructure analysis that POCP particles are blackish in color, are irregular in shape, and contain small pores with fibrous materials present. SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , MgO, and CaO are the major components found in POC powder with oxide composition >71.09%.…”

“…Physically, POC, as shown in different forms in Figure 3a-c, is naturally porous, flaky, gray in color, irregular in shape, and lighter in weight, with rough and sharp broken surfaces [20,21]. It is mostly presented as a solid lightweight material with a size between 2 and 15 cm [22,23].…”

“…POC has, in recent times, been used as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in structural elements. This is possible due to the grading features and particle size distribution similarities between sand and POC fine aggregate [20,63]. The particle size distribution of POC ranging from 100-400 mm indicates its suitability for use as fine aggregates.…”

Torsional Crack Localization in Palm Oil Clinker Concrete Using Acoustic Emission Method

“…Ahmmad et al [19] illustrated an enhancement of concrete performance by replacing ordinary Portland cement with fine powder of POC at a 15% ratio. It is worth mentioning, that most research on POCC has been limited to investigating the mechanical properties and long-term behavior [2,3,[6][7][8]14,17,[19][20][21][22]. Limited research has investigated the torsional behavior of lightweight concrete [23][24][25].…”

Microstructure Evolution of a Magnesium Phosphate Protective Layer on Concrete Structures in a Sulfate Environment

“…Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC)-based composites are favored with early strength and rapid solidification [4][5][6], small shrinkage [7,8], high adhesion to the old concrete [9][10][11], resistance to water [12][13][14][15][16][17], and strong chloride ion permeability [10,[18][19][20]. It can be coated over the new building structure or the old concrete structure for the purpose of protection.…”