Effect of Bendiocarb Indoor Residual Spraying on Entomological Inoculation Rate of Anopheles arabiensis in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia

Abstract

Entomological inoculation rate (EIR) is a method to estimate the level of human exposure to infective mosquito bites and assess impacts of vector control measures. The objective is to assess the effect of indoor residual spray (IRS) on blood meal index (BMI), sporozoite infection rate (SR), and EIR in An. arabiensis under local ecological settings in Ethiopia. A total 1541 fresh fed (FF) female An. arabiensis collected by CDC light trap and PSC were processed at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, to determine their BMI and SR, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IRS reduced the abundance of FF female An. arabiensis in sprayed villages (n=62) while the number remained high in non-sprayed villages (n=1,690). The relative adjusted reduction in human blood feeding index (HBI) due to IRS varied between 3 and 10% except in 2014 when no human blood was detected in any of the three mosquitoes tested. The relative adjusted reduction in P. falciparum infection and EIR in An. arabiensis was 100% after IRS. The results illustrated that IRS was strong enough to reduce EIR in An. arabiensis. IRS is recommended to control malaria transmission in areas of similar ecological set.

Review of Anopheles Mosquito Species, Abundance, and Distribution in Ethiopia

“…In Ethiopia, a large number of Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP) using ELISA. However, a few studies conducted in different parts of Ethiopia (Ghibe River Basin [34], Bahir Dar Zuria District [35], Sekoru District [36], Meskan and Mareko district [37], Gilgel-Gibe dam area [38], Arba Minch area [39], and Gamo Gofa zone [40]) showed the presence of sporozoite infection on principal vectors (A. arabiensis and A. pharoensis).…”