Review of Anopheles Mosquito Species, Abundance, and Distribution in Ethiopia

Adugna, Fasil; Wale, Melaku; Nibret, Endalkachew

doi:10.1155/2021/6726622

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In line with the present study, various workers reported that An. gambiae complex was the most abundant species in different parts of Africa and Ethiopia [4,6,7,[26][27][28][29]. e better occurrence of the Anopheles species in January could be because the low temperature of the study area is not optimum for frequent adult emergence and the larvae stay a long time in breeding habitats [17][18][19][20]30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Larval Anopheles Species Composition and Diversity at Different Habitats and Seasons of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia

Asmare

Wale

Adem³

2022

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Anopheles species’ larval habitats are diversified and season dependent. Anopheles larvae can be found at different habitats and their preference may vary seasonally. Knowledge of species diversity and distribution helps plan malaria control interventions. Anopheles larvae were sampled using the WHO standard 350 ml dipper from breeding habitats of irrigation, pond, sewage, stream, and swamp. The collected sample larvae were identified microscopically to species using morphological keys. Among Anopheles species recorded, Anopheles gambiae complex was the most abundant followed by Anopheles christyi, Anopheles cinereus, Anopheles demeilloni, and Anopheles pharoensis in descending order. Anopheles species occurred more in January than in other months of the study period and less in March and April. For any particular mosquito species, larval abundance did not significantly vary between the habitats; in other words, all habitats contributed equally. In this study, we confirmed that Anopheles mosquito larval population varied more with respect to species than to habitats and months. Interventions could be launched targeting each habitat; during the month, numbers were high.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Larval Anopheles Species Composition and Diversity at Different Habitats and Seasons of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia

Asmare

Wale

Adem³

2022

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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“…funestus and An. nili , were incriminated as vectors of malaria [ 20 ]. Anopheles arabiensis is the primary malaria vector in most malaria-endemic areas [ 21 – 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution and bionomics of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in Ethiopia

Ashine,

Eyasu,

Asmamaw

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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Background Malaria is a major public health concern in Ethiopia, and its incidence could worsen with the spread of the invasive mosquito species Anopheles stephensi in the country. This study aimed to provide updates on the distribution of An. stephensi and likely household exposure in Ethiopia. Methods Entomological surveillance was performed in 26 urban settings in Ethiopia from 2021 to 2023. A kilometer-by-kilometer quadrant was established per town, and approximately 20 structures per quadrant were surveyed every 3 months. Additional extensive sampling was conducted in 50 randomly selected structures in four urban centers in 2022 and 2023 to assess households’ exposure to An. stephensi. Prokopack aspirators and CDC light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes, and standard dippers were used to collect immature stages. The collected mosquitoes were identified to species level by morphological keys and molecular methods. PCR assays were used to assess Plasmodium infection and mosquito blood meal source. Results Catches of adult An. stephensi were generally low (mean: 0.15 per trap), with eight positive sites among the 26 surveyed. This mosquito species was reported for the first time in Assosa, western Ethiopia. Anopheles stephensi was the predominant species in four of the eight positive sites, accounting for 75–100% relative abundance of the adult Anopheles catches. Household-level exposure, defined as the percentage of households with a peridomestic presence of An. stephensi, ranged from 18% in Metehara to 30% in Danan. Anopheles arabiensis was the predominant species in 20 of the 26 sites, accounting for 42.9–100% of the Anopheles catches. Bovine blood index, ovine blood index and human blood index values were 69.2%, 32.3% and 24.6%, respectively, for An. stephensi, and 65.4%, 46.7% and 35.8%, respectively, for An. arabiensis. None of the 197 An. stephensi mosquitoes assayed tested positive for Plasmodium sporozoite, while of the 1434 An. arabiensis mosquitoes assayed, 62 were positive for Plasmodium (10 for P. falciparum and 52 for P. vivax). Conclusions This study shows that the geographical range of An. stephensi has expanded to western Ethiopia. Strongly zoophagic behavior coupled with low adult catches might explain the absence of Plasmodium infection. The level of household exposure to An. stephensi in this study varied across positive sites. Further research is needed to better understand the bionomics and contribution of An. stephensi to malaria transmission. Graphical Abstract

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“…funestus, and An. nili, were incriminated as vectors of malaria [19]. Anopheles arabiensis is the primary vector in most malaria-endemic areas [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, its abundance, host preference, and Plasmodium infection rate vary across ecological gradients and epidemiological settings [21][22][23][24]. Anopheles pharoensis is of secondary importance [19,22], with An. funestus and An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in Ethiopia

Ashine,

Eyasu,

Asmamaw

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Malaria is a major public health concern in Ethiopia, and its incidence could worsen following the invasion of Anopheles stephensi. This study aimed to provide updates on the distribution of An. stephensi and likely household exposure in Ethiopia. Methods Entomological surveillance was performed in 26 urban settings from 2021 to 2023. A kilometer-by-kilometer quadrant was set per town and approximately 20 structures per quadrant were surveyed every three months. More intensive sampling was conducted in 50 randomly selected structures in 4 urban centers in 2022 and 2023 to assess household exposure to An. stephensi. Prokopack aspirators, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Light Traps (CDC LTs) were used to collect adult mosquitoes and standard dippers were used to collect immatures. Morphological keys and molecular methods were used for species identification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to assess Plasmodium infection and mosquito blood meal source. Results Catches of adult An. stephensi were generally low (0.15 per trap), and the species was detected in 8 of the 26 study sites, including Assosa: the first collection in this area of western Ethiopia. Anopheles stephensi was the predominant species in 4 of the 8 positive sites, with 75–100% relative abundance. Household-level exposure, defined as the percentage of houses with a peridomestic infestation with An. stephensi, ranged from 18% in Metehara to 30% in Danan. At most collection sites, An. arabiensis was the predominant species, which accounted for 42.9–100% of the Anopheles catches in 20 of the 26 study sites. The bovine blood index (BBI), ovine blood index (OBI), and human blood index (HBI) for An. stephensi was 69.2%, 32.3%, and 24.6%, respectively, and for An. arabiensis 65.4%, 46.7%, and 35.8%, respectively. None of the 194 An. stephensi were positive for Plasmodium, whilst of 1434 An. arabiensis, 62 were positive, 10 for P. falciparum and 52 for P. vivax. Conclusions Anopheles stephensi showed widespread distribution across Ethiopia. Strongly zoophagic behavior coupled with low adult catches, might explain the absence of Plasmodium infection. Level of household exposure varied across positive sites. Further research is needed to better understand its bionomics and contribution for malaria transmission.

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Review of Anopheles Mosquito Species, Abundance, and Distribution in Ethiopia

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

Larval Anopheles Species Composition and Diversity at Different Habitats and Seasons of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia

Larval Anopheles Species Composition and Diversity at Different Habitats and Seasons of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia

Spatiotemporal distribution and bionomics of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in Ethiopia

Spatiotemporal distribution of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in Ethiopia

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