Economies of scale in the US airline industry

Model of indirect Expenses Distribution for Determining Economies of Scale

“…The application of the method leads to benefits for companies, there is more empirical research on the implementation of the method among organizations [31][32][33]. Thus, the indirect costs attributed to the activities will be traceable and transparent, through cause-effect relationships, and the vision on operations is obvious [34].…”

The energy-environment efficiency of road and railway sectors in China: Evidence from the provincial level

“…Obviously, as for the road sector, the higher population density appears, the greater pressure shall exert on the environment, and the more energy consumption is needed together with more CO 2 emissions, which inhibits the improvement of the energy-environment efficiency of the road sector. Nevertheless, the railway is a relatively cheap transportation way compared to the road, and the larger population density reaches, the more obvious impact will be brought by the scale effect (Johnston and Ozment, 2013); as a result, the per capita CO 2 emissions and energy input are both reduced. So Chinese government should make reasonable arrangements for the transportation ways according to the population density of each province, enlarging the construction for the railway transportation in the highly populated region and increasing the construction of road transportation in the lowly populated region.…”

Airline Sustainability Modeling: A New Framework with Application of Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling

“…Financial indicator = f (cost indicators, operational indicators) Johnston and Ozment [9] and Oum and Zhang [10] have done their modeling based on the above function. However, the combination of two types of modeling, especially with the leveraging of country economic performance, is rare.…”

“…Moreover, some sustainability modelling has been focused on the cost indicators. In these types of the studies, generally, researchers consider a cost indicator as a function of operational indicators with [9,10] or without [7,11] another cost indicator. Most of these types of studies do not consider country economic indicators in their research framework, and they focus on internal indicators of the company.…”

“…This study developed previous studies like Johnston and Ozment [9], Oum and Zhang [10], Zuidberg [7], and Hansen, Gillen [11] in airline sustainability performance in terms of cost function by leveraging country economic performance indicators.…”