Echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in normal Standardbred racehorses

Zucca, Emanuele; Ferrucci, F.; Croci, C.; Fabio, V. Di; Zaninelli, M.; Ferro, E.

doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2008.04.002

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Comparison of echocardiographic measurements in Spanish foals to previously reported values for other equine breeds: LVID, LVFWT, IVST and MV measurements were smaller in the Spanish foals than the values presented for Thoroughbreds [20,31,32] and Standardbreds [1,5,33] older than 20-24 months. In addition to the different age, most of the papers listed above showed data for animals in training.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…They concluded that it is not possible to predict normal values for equine heart dimensions from data derived from multiple breeds. Most of the articles presenting echocardiographic reference values in healthy horses are based on Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds or crossbred horses [1,15,20,33]. Up to now, no echocardiographic data have been reported for Spanish horses.…”

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Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Rovira

Muñoz

2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Echocardiographic values need to be established for each age and breed to be applied to equine medicine. The present research aims to describe echocardiographic measurements in Spanish fillies and colts of different age, to compare these values with those previously described for other equine breeds and to determine whether there is an influence of gender on echocardiographic measurements. Seventy unsedated and healthy Spanish foals of both sexes (39 females and 31 males) were divided into five age groups: A (22-60 days; n=15), B (61-90 days; n=13), C (91-180 days; n=18), D (181-270 days; n=12) and E (271-394 days; n=12). The following echocardiographic measurements were made: left ventricular internal dimensions, left ventricular free wall thickness and interventricular septum thickness at systole and at diastole. Mitral and tricuspid valve thickness was also determined. Opening velocity of the mitral valve in early diastole (DE slope), pattern of transmitral flow (E/A ratio) and echocardiographic mitral valve E point-septal separation (EPSS) were calculated from specific points in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Aorta diameters were measured at the level of the valve leaflets, at the sino-tubular junction, at the valve level and at the sinus of Valsalva. Performance indices of the left ventricle were obtained. Most of the echocardiographic parameters increased with age, being the increases more marked up to 180 days of age. Fraction shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume index, fractional septum and fractional wall thickening did not differ between groups. Some differences were found between fillies and colts in the different age groups, which could have been linked to the different body weight.KEY WORDS: age, echocardiography, gender, heart, horses.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71 (7): [957][958][959][960][961][962][963][964] 2009 Echocardiography has become one of the most important tools in the diagnosis, assessment and prognosis of congenital and acquired heart diseases in horses. Although this fact can be applied to all the animal species, it is especially true in large animals, in which most of the non-invasive cardiac diagnostic tools are of limited value because of their size and the specific anatomy and physiology of the heart [22].Before extended practical application, quantitative echocardiographic measurements are required in order to establish whether cardiac dimensions are appropriate for an individual. Echocardiographic data can be affected by many physiological factors, such as body size [4,9,14,23,28] It has been demonstrated that breed is a factor that can cause echocardiographic measurements in dogs of the same weight to differ [17] and the same might be true for horses. Slater and Herrtage [27] studied 41 horses of mixed age, sex and breed, including small and large ponies and horses. They concluded that it is not possible to predict normal values for equine heart dimensions from data derived from multiple breeds. Most of the articles presenting echocardiographic reference ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

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Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Rovira

Muñoz

2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…A distância do ponto E-septo foi similar à encontrada por Bonomo et al (2011), que observou média de 1,4 ± 0,38 cm, e maior do que o observado por Zucca et al (2008), que teve como média 0,59 ± 0,21 cm. Este parâmetro deve ser cuidadosamente interpretado, já que seu método de mensuração é sujeito a erros em consequência de um adequado posicionamento do transdutor, além de haver variações secundárias às diferentes aptidões atléticas e fase do remodelamento cardíaco.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…A FS% foi semelhante ao encontrado em cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês (PATTESON et al, 1995); maior que o encontrado em Standardbreds (ZUCCA et al, 2008) e em animais da raça Puro Sangue Árabe que praticam enduro (BELLO et al, 2011b); e menor que o encontrado em animais da raça Quarto de Milha que realizam provas de baliza e tambor (BONOMO et al, 2011). A FE% foi menor do que o encontrado em animais que praticam polo (BELLO et al, 2011a;BONOMO et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Apesar do conhecimento de vários estudos eletrocardiográficos e ecocardiográficos realizados em cavalos submetidos a esforços físicos, tanto de força quanto de resistência (LONG, 1992;YOUNG, 1999;MICHIMA et al, 2004;ZUCCA et al, 2008), pouco se sabe sobre as alterações cardíacas em cavalos de tração, que puxam carroças, cujas condições gerais de saúde e manejo quase sempre são inadequadas para o tipo de exercício físico ao qual são submetidos. Desta forma, objetivou-se estabelecer valores de índices ecocardiográficos para cavalos carroceiros utilizados para tração na região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR.…”

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Medidas ecocardiográficas de cavalos de tração da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR

et al. 2015

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ResumoPara manter o desempenho dos cavalos durante o exercício físico o coração se adapta às variações das atividades metabólicas, o que resulta em adaptações do músculo cardíaco. Desta maneira, o uso da ecocardiografia permite avaliar possíveis adaptações cardíacas e falhas no bombeamento sanguíneo. Pouco se sabe sobre alterações ecocardiográficas em cavalos de tração de materiais recicláveis, que puxam carroças, cujas condições gerais de saúde e manejo quase sempre são inadequadas para o tipo de exercício físico ao qual são submetidos. Objetivou-se estabelecer valores ecocardiográficos para cavalos de carroceiros. Dezenove cavalos sem raça definida foram submetidos ao exame ecocardiográfico, e valores da distância do ponto E (maior abertura da valva mitral) ao septo interventricular; diâmetro da cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo; espessura do septo interventricular e espessura da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo durante a sístole e diástole; fração de encurtamento e ejeção foram obtidos pelo modo-M. No modo bidimensional foram avaliados o diâmetro da valva aórtica e átrio esquerdo, além de sua relação. Foram avaliadas as velocidades do fluxo de sangue na artéria pulmonar e aorta e valva mitral por meio do Doppler pulsado e/ou contínuo, além de detectar possíveis refluxos por meio do Doppler colorido. Neste estudo ficam estabelecidos os valores médios dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos para os 19 cavalos estudados que fazem trabalho de tração puxando carroças. Não houve valores significativos que constatem remodelamento cardíaco inadequado, disfunção ventricular esquerda com consequente perda de desempenho no exercício ou doenças que prejudiquem o rendimento do animal no trabalho. Palavras-chave: Cardiologia eqüina, ecocardiografia, carroceiro, tração animal AbstractIn order to maintain the horses' performance during the exercise, their hearts adapt to the variations on metabolic activity, resulting in muscular adaptation. Thus, echocardiography allows to assess on both eventual adaptations of heart tissue and impairment of the ability to pump blood. Little is yet known about echocardiography in cart horses, whose general conditions of health and treatment are often inappropriate to the type of exercise they are submitted to. The goal of this study was to establish echocardiographic numbers for cart horses. Nineteen mongrel horses were submitted for echocardiographic examination, and values of the distance from E point (maximum opening mitral valve) to the interventricular septum; diameter of left ventricle cavity, interventricular septum thickness and thickness of left ventricle free wall during systole and diastole, fractional shortening and ejection fraction were obtained by M-mode. In the 2D images, diameter of the aortic valve and left atrium were evaluated, and their relationship. The velocities of the blood flow were evaluated in aorta and pulmonary artery and the mitral valve by

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Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

Schwarzwald¹

2018

Equine Internal Medicine

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Echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in normal Standardbred racehorses

Cited by 38 publications

References 18 publications

Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Medidas ecocardiográficas de cavalos de tração da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR

Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

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