“…Hence, in order to accurately simulate different types of crowds, While the importance of crowd psychology for engineering has been noted (Aguirre, El-Tawil, Best, Gill, & Fedorov, 2011;Sime, 1995), theories of crowd psychology have only been minimally incorporated into mathematical modelling and computer simulations, and from a psychological point of view, these are out-dated (Templeton, Drury, & Philippides, 2015). A more promising direction of research are proxemics (Baum & Paulus, 1987;Hall, 1966), which describe the social distances individuals keep from one another and has been used for the study of crowd behaviour (Costa, 2010;von Sivers & Köster, 2015;Zanlungo, Ikeda, & Kanda, 2014). Although there have been some attempts to introduce small groups within the larger crowd behaviour to simulation models such as families, friends or other predefined groups (Köster, Seitz, Treml, Hartmann, & Klein, 2011;Moussaïd, Perozo, Garnier, Helbing, & Theraulaz, 2010;Singh et al, 2009;Yang, Zhao, Li, & Fang, 2005), these models do not consider the social structure or dynamic of the whole crowd (for a comprehensive review, see (Templeton et al, 2015)).…”