Empirical Results of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics

Boltes, Maik; Zhang, Jun; Tordeux, Antoine; Schadschneider, Andreas; Seyfried, Armin

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8763-4_706

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…(16) that α = 0 means no friction at all, and thus, the individuals are allowed to move free from drag. It can be verified that v i = 1 solves the set (17) for this scenario. The α = 0 scenario is expected to occur, however, for densities below a contacting threshold.…”

Section: A Simple Model For the Corridormentioning

confidence: 78%

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A re-examination of the role of friction in the original Social Force Model

et al. 2020

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The fundamental diagram of pedestrian dynamics gives the relation between the density and the flow within a specific enclosure. It is characterized by two distinctive behaviors: the free-flow regime (for low densities) and the congested regime (for high densities). In the former, the flow is an increasing function of the density, while in the latter, the flow remains on hold or decreases. In this work, we perform numerical simulations of the pilgrimage at the entrance of the Jamaraat bridge (pedestrians walking along a straight corridor) and compare flow-density measurements with empirical measurements made by Helbing et al [1]. We show that under high density conditions, the basic Social Force Model (SFM) does not completely handle the fundamental diagram reported in empirical measurements. We use analytical techniques and numerical simulations to prove that with an appropriate modification of the friction coefficient (but sustaining the SFM) it is possible to attain behaviors which are in qualitative agreement with the empirical data. Other authors have already proposed a modification of the relaxation time in order to address this problem. In this work, we unveil the fact that our approach is analogous to theirs since both affect the same term of the reduced-in-units equation of motion. We show how the friction modification affects the pedestrian clustering structures throughout the transition from the free-flow regime to the congested regime. We also show that the speed profile, normalized by width and maximum velocity yields a universal behavior regardless of the corridor dimensions.

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Section: A Simple Model For the Corridormentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Researchers turned back to examine the available data on the velocity and flux behavior for different density environments [17,1,18,19]. Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A re-examination of the role of friction in the original Social Force Model

et al. 2020

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“…The users of such data should be aware that the quantities of the functional relationship are highly sensitive to the user definition and the measurement methods used. For a comprehensive discussion on this issue, we refer to previous studies . Besides, the consideration of occupants with disabilities in high population densities adds additional challenges to the realisation of studies on movement (eg, technical ability to collect the data, ethical concerns with the well‐being of those involved, and/or the number of factors that influence the results produced).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a comprehensive discussion on this issue, we refer to previous studies. 116,117 Besides, the consider-…”

Section: Using the Flow-density Or The Velocity-density Relationship?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

Geoerg

Berchtold

Gwynne³

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary To quantify the evacuation process, evacuation practitioners use engineering egress data describing the occupant movement characteristics. These data are typically based to young and fit populations. However, the movement abilities of occupants who might be involved in evacuations are becoming more variable—with the building populations of today typically including increasing numbers of individuals: with impairments or who are otherwise elderly or generally less mobile. Thus, there will be an increasing proportion of building occupants with reduced ability to egress. For safe evacuation, there is therefore a need to provide valid engineering egress data considering pedestrians with disabilities. Gwynne and Boyce recently compiled a series of data sets related to the evacuation process to support practitioner activities in the chapter Engineering Data in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. This paper supplements these data sets by providing information on and presenting data obtained from additional research related to the premovement and horizontal movement of participants with physical‐, cognitive‐, or age‐related disabilities. The aim is to provide an overview of currently available data sets related to, and key factors affecting the egress performance of, mixed ability populations which could be used to guide fire safety engineering decisions in the context of building design.

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The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

et al. 2020

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Summary The importance of empirical relations to quantify the movement of pedestrians through a facility has increased during the last decades since performance‐based design methods became more common. Bottlenecks are of special interest because of their importance for egress routes and as they result in a reduced capacity. The empirical relations as the density‐dependent movement speed or flow rate were derived by studies under laboratory conditions, which were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics for better control of influencing variables. If individual characteristics of a crowd become more heterogeneous, individuals were forced to adapt their individual movement and control individual manoeuvring. These unintended interactions lead to a different shape of the fundamental empirical relations. Here, we present results from a movement study under well‐controlled boundary conditions in which participants with and without different characteristics of disabilities participated. To consider the effect of different heterogeneities on the capacity of a facility, fundamental diagrams are generated using the Voronoi method. If participants with visible disabilities (such as using assistive devices) are part of a crowd, significant differences relating to the shape of the empirical relations and the capacities are found. This indicates that the heterogeneity of a population leads to an increased interpersonal interaction which results in influenced movement characteristics.

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Empirical Results of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics

Cited by 13 publications

References 107 publications

A re-examination of the role of friction in the original Social Force Model

A re-examination of the role of friction in the original Social Force Model

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

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