“…to the power consumption and vice versa for the case of the power consumption metric [94]. To improve the energy efficiency of BSs, strategies such as reduction of the BS energy consumption through sleep or idle mode [3,9,92,93,95]; device-to-device (D2D) communication [96]; utilization of high efficient technologies (i.e., improved power amplifiers, high-efficient air conditioning systems, cognitive radio technology, as well as fixed and cooperative relays) [3,15,16,92,95,97]; critical energy management [98,99]; proper sizing and optimization of the power supply system [10,13]; site sharing and heterogeneous cellular networks [3,92,99,100]; as well as cell shaping and an increased number of carrier frequencies [94,95] can be deployed to achieve the energy efficiency of BSs at various levels.…”